roumanian superstition—continued: animals, weather, mixed superstitions, spirits, shadows, etc.

of the household animals the sheep is the most highly prized by the roumanian, who makes of it his companion, and frequently his oracle, as by its bearing it is often supposed to give warning when danger is near.

the swallows here, as elsewhere, are luck-bringing birds, and go by the name of galinele lui dieu—fowls of the lord. there is always a treasure to be found where the first swallow has been espied.

the crow, on the contrary, is a bird of evil omen, and is particularly ominous when it flies straight over the head of any man.[46]

the magpie, when perched on a roof, gives notice of the approach of guests, but a shrieking magpie meeting or accompanying a traveller denotes death.

the cuckoo is an oracle to be consulted in manifold contingencies. this bird plays a great part in roumanian poetry, and is frequently supposed to be the spirit of an unfortunate lover.

it is never permissible to kill a spider, but a toad taking up its residence in a cow-byre should be stoned to death, as assuredly standing in the service of a witch, and sent there to purloin the milk.

the same liberty must not, however, be taken with the equally pernicious weasel, and when these animals are found to inhabit a barn or stable, the peasant endeavors to render them harmless by diverting their thoughts into a safer channel. to this end a tiny thrashing-flail is prepared for the male weasel, and a distaff for his female partner, and these are laid at some place the animals are known to frequent.

those houses which can boast of a house-snake are particularly lucky. food is regularly placed for it near the hole; and killing it would entail dire misfortune to the family.

the skull of a horse placed over the gate of the court-yard, or the bones of fallen animals buried under the door-step, are preservatives against ghosts.

the place where a horse has rolled on the ground is unwholesome, and the man who steps upon it will be visited by eruptions, boils, or other skin diseases.

black fowls are always viewed with suspicion, as possibly standing in the service of a witch; and the brahmapootra fowl is, curiously enough, believed to be the offspring of the devil and a jewish girl.

the best remedy for a murrain among the cattle is with an axe to behead a living pig, hoisting up its head on the end of a long pole at the village entrance. this, however, is only efficacious when it is the cattle or sheep which are thus afflicted; and should an illness have broken out among the swine themselves, the only remedy for it will be for the herd, divested of his clothes, to lead his drove to pasture in the early morning.

the skull of a ram is often stuck up at the boundary of a parish, and if turned towards the east is supposed to be efficacious in keeping off cattle diseases.

a cow that has wandered can be insured against wolves if the owner recollect to stick a pair of scissors in the centre cross-beam of the dwelling-room.

a whirlwind always denotes that the devil is dancing with a witch, and whoever approaches too near to the dangerous circle may be carried off bodily to hell, and sometimes only barely escapes by losing his cap.

as a matter of course, such places as church-yards, gallows-trees, and cross-roads are to be avoided; but even the left bank of a river may, under circumstances, become equally dangerous.

the finger which points at a rainbow will be seized by a gnawing disease, and a rainbow appearing in december always bodes misfortune. pointing at an approaching thunder-storm is also considered unsafe, and whoever stands over-long gazing at the summer lightning will go mad.

if a house struck by lightning begins to burn, it is not allowed to put out the flames, because god has lit the fire, and it were presumption for man to dare meddle with his work. in some places it is supposed that a fire kindled by lightning can only be extinguished with milk.

an approved method for averting the lightning from striking a house is to form a top by sticking a knife through a loaf of bread, and spin it on the floor of the loft while the storm lasts. the ringing of bells is also efficacious in dispersing a storm, provided, however, that the bell in question has been cast under a perfectly cloudless sky.

as i am on the subject of thunder-storms, i may as well here mention the scholomance, or school, supposed to exist somewhere in the heart of the mountains, and where the secrets of nature, the language of animals, and all magic spells are taught by the devil in person. only ten scholars are admitted at a time, and when the course of learning has expired, and nine of them are released to return to their homes, the tenth scholar is detained by the devil as payment, and, mounted upon an ismeju, or dragon, becomes henceforward the devil’s aide-de-camp, and assists him in “making the weather”—that is, preparing the thunder-bolts.

a small lake, immeasurably deep, and lying high up in the mountains to the south of hermanstadt, is supposed to be the caldron where is brewed the thunder, under whose water the dragon lies sleeping in fair weather. roumanian peasants anxiously warn the traveller to beware of throwing a stone into this lake, lest it should wake the dragon and provoke a thunder-storm. it is, however, no mere superstition that in summer there occur almost daily thunder-storms at this spot, and numerous stone cairns on the shores attest the fact that many people have here found their death by lightning. on this account{199} the place is shunned, and no true roumanian will venture to rest here at the hour of noon.

whoever turns three somersaults the first time he hears the thunder will be free from pains in the back during a twelvemonth; and the man who wishes to be insured against headache has only to rub his forehead with a piece of iron or stone on that same occasion.

a comet is sign of war; and an earthquake denotes that the fish on which the earth is supposed to rest has moved. another version informs us that originally the world was balanced on the backs of four fishes, one of which was drowned in the flood, so that the earth, now lacking support at one corner, has sunk down and is covered by the sea.

the slav custom of decking out a girl at harvest-time with a wreath of corn-ears, and leading her in procession to the house of the priest or the landed proprietor, is likewise practised here, with the difference that, instead of the songs customary in poland, the girl is here followed by loud shouts of prihu! prihu! or else priku! and that whoever meets her on the way is bound to sprinkle her with water. if this detail be neglected, the next year’s crops will assuredly fail. it is also customary to keep the wreaths till next sowing-time, when the corn, if shaken out and mingled with the grain to be sown afresh, will insure a rich harvest.

every fresh-baked loaf of wheaten bread is sacred, and should a piece inadvertently fall to the ground, it is hastily picked up, carefully wiped and kissed, and if soiled thrown into the fire—partly as an offering to the dead, and partly because it were a heavy sin to throw away or tread upon any particle of it.

it is unfortunate to meet an old woman or a roumanian popa, but the meeting of a catholic or protestant clergyman is indifferent, and brings neither good nor evil.

to be met by a gypsy the first thing in the morning is particularly lucky.

it is bad-luck if your path be traversed by a hare, but a fox or wolf crossing the way is a good omen.

likewise, it is lucky to meet a woman with a jugful of water, while an empty jug or pail is unlucky; therefore the roumanian maiden meeting you on the way back from the well will smilingly display her brimming pitcher as she passes, with a pleased consciousness of bringing good-luck; while the girl whose pitcher is empty will slink past shamefacedly, as though she had a crime to conceal.

the roumanian is always very particular about the exact way he meets any one. if he happens to be placed to the right of the comer, he will be careful not to cross over to the left, or vice versa. should, however, his way lead him straight across the path of another higher in rank, he will stop and wait till the latter has passed. these precautions are taken in order not to cut or disturb the thread of a person’s good-luck.

every orthodox roumanian woman is careful to do homage to the wodna zena, or zona, residing in each spring, by spilling a few drops on the ground after she has filled her jug, and it is regarded as an insult to offer drink to a roumanian without observing this ceremony. she will never venture to draw water against the current, for that would strike the spirit home and provoke her anger, nor is it allowable, without very special necessity, to draw water in the night-time; and whoever is obliged to do so should nowise neglect to blow three times over the brimming jug to undo all evil spells, as well as to pour a few drops on to the glowing embers.

the vicinity of deep pools of water, more especially whirlpools, is to be avoided, for here resides the dreadful balaur, or the wodna muz—the cruel waterman who lies in wait for human victims.

each forest has likewise its own particular spirit, its mama padura, or forest mother. this fairy is generally supposed to be good-natured, especially towards children who have lost their way in the wood.

less to be trusted is panusch, who haunts the forest glades and lies in wait for helpless maidens.

in deep forests and wild mountain-gorges there wanders about a wild huntsman of superhuman size and mysterious personality, but rarely seen by living eyes. oftenest he is met by huntsmen, to whom he has frequently given good advice. he once appeared to a peasant{201} who had already shot ninety-nine bears, and warned him now to desist, for no man can shoot the hundredth bear. but the passion for sport was too strong within the peasant; so, disregarding the advice, he shot at the next bear he met, and missing his aim, was torn to pieces by the infuriated animal. another hunter to whom he appeared learned from him the secret that if he loaded his gun on new-year’s night with a live adder, the whole of that year he would never miss a shot.

another and more malevolent forest-spectre is the wild man—or, as the roumanian calls him, the om ren—usually seen in winter, when he is the terror of all hunters and shepherds. whoever may be found dead in the forest is supposed to have fallen a prey to his vengeance, which pursues all such as venture to chase his deer and wild-boar, or approach too near the cavern where he resides. his rage sometimes takes the form of uprooting pine-trees, with which to strike dead the intruder; or else he throws his victims down a precipice, or rolls down massive rocks on the top of them.

oameni micuti (small men), as the roumanian calls them, are gray-bearded dwarfs, who, attired like miners, with axe and lantern, haunt the transylvanian gold and silver mines. they seldom do harm to a miner, but give warning to his wife when he has perished by three knocks on her door. they are, however, very quarrelsome among themselves, and may often be heard hitting at one another with their sharp axes, or blowing their horns as signal of battle.

also the mountain monk plays a great part in mining districts, but is to be classed among the malevolent spirits. he delights in kicking over water-pails, putting out lamps, and breaking tools, and will sometimes even strangle or suffocate workmen to whom he has taken aversion. occasionally, but rarely, he has been known to help distressed miners in replenishing the oil in their lamps, or guiding those who have lost their way; but woe to the man who relates these circumstances, for he will be sure to suffer for it.

the gana is the name of a beautiful but malicious witch who presides over the evil spirits holding their meetings on the eve of the first of may. gana is said to have been the mistress of transylvania before the christian era. her beauty bewitched many; but whoever succumbed to her charms, and let himself be lured into quaffing mead from her ure-ox drinking-horn, was doomed. once the handsome maldovan, the roumanian national hero, when riding home from visiting his bride, waylaid by the siren, and beguiled into drinking from the horn, reached his mountain fortress a sick and dying man, and was a corpse before next morning.

ravaging diseases like the pest, cholera, etc., are attributed to a spirit called the dschuma, to whom is sometimes given the shape of a toothless old hag, sometimes that of a fierce virgin, only to be appeased by the gift of clothing of some sort. oftenest the spirit is supposed to be naked and suffering from cold, and its complaining voice may be heard at night crying out for clothing whenever the disease is at its highest. when this voice is heard, the inhabitants of a village hasten to comply with its summons by preparing the required clothing. sometimes it is seven old women who are to spin, weave, and sew a scarlet shirt all in one night, and without breaking silence; sometimes the maidens are to make garments and hang them out at the entrance of the afflicted village. mr. paget mentions having once seen a coarse linen pair of trousers suspended by means of a rope straight across the road where he was driving, and on inquiring being informed that this was to pacify the cholera spirit.

some places, moreover, can boast of a perpetually naked spirit, who requires a new suit of clothes every year. these are furnished by the inhabitants, who on each new-year’s night lay them out in readiness near some place supposed to be haunted by the spirit.

in a wallachian village in the county of bihar, during the prevalence of the cholera in 1866, the following precautions were taken to protect the village from the epidemic: six maidens and six unmarried youths, having first laid aside their clothes, with a new ploughshare traced a furrow round the village, thus forming a charmed circle, over which the cholera demon was supposed to be unable to pass.

when the land is suffering from protracted and obstinate droughts, the roumanian not unfrequently ascribes the evil to the tziganes, who by occult means procure the dry weather in order to favor their own trade of brickmaking. in such cases, when the necessary rain has not been produced by soundly beating the guilty tziganes, the peasants sometimes resort to the papaluga, or rain-maiden. this is done by stripping a young tzigane girl quite naked, and dressing her up with garlands of flowers and leaves, which entirely cover her, leaving only the head visible. thus adorned, the papaluga is conducted round the village to the sound of music, each person hastening to pour water over her as she passes. the part of the papaluga may also be enacted by roumanian maidens, when there is no particular reason to suspect{203} the tziganes of being concerned in the drought. the custom of the rain-maiden is also to be found in serbia, and i believe in croatia.

killing a frog is sometimes effectual in bringing on rain; but if this also fails in the desired effect, then the evil must evidently be of deeper nature, and is to be attributed to a vampire, who must be sought out and destroyed, as before described.

the body of a drowned man can be recovered only by sticking a lighted candle into a hollowed-out loaf of bread, and setting it afloat at night on the lake or river: there, where the light comes to a stand-still, the corpse will be found. till this has been done the water will continue to rise and the rain to fall.

at the birth of a child each one present takes a stone and throws it behind him, saying, “this into the jaws of the strigoi”—a custom which would seem to suggest saturn and the swaddled-up stones. as long as the child is unbaptized it must be carefully watched over for fear of being changed or harmed by a witch. a piece of iron or a broom laid beneath the pillow will keep spirits away.

even the roumanian’s wedding-day is darkened by the shadow of superstition. he can never be sure of his affection for his bride being a natural, spontaneous feeling, since it may just as well have been caused by the influence of a witch; and he lives in anticipated dread lest the devil, in shape of a fiery comet, may appear any day to make love to his wife. likewise at church, when the priest offers the blessed bread to the new-made couple, he will tremblingly compare the relative sizes of the two pieces, for whoever chances to get the smaller one will inevitably be the first to die.

although it has been said of the roumanian that his whole life is taken up in devising talismans against the devil, yet he does not always endeavor to keep the evil one at arm’s-length—sometimes, on the contrary, directly invoking his aid, and entering into a regular compact with him.

supposing, for instance, that a man wishes to insure a flock, garden, or field against thieves, wild beasts, or bad weather, the matter is very simple. he has only to repair to a cross-road, at the junction of which he takes his stand in the centre of a circle traced on the ground. here, after depositing a copper coin as payment, he summons the demon with the following words:

“satan, i give thee over my flock [garden, or field] to keep till ——{204} [such and such a term], that thou mayst defend and protect it for me, and be my servant till this time has expired.”

he must, however, be careful to keep within the circle traced until the devil, who may very likely have chosen to appear in the shape of a goat, crow, toad, or serpent, has completely disappeared, otherwise the unfortunate man is irretrievably lost. he is equally sure to lose his soul if he die before the time of the contract has elapsed.

as long as the contract lasts, the peasant may be sure of the devil’s services, who for the time being will put a particular spirit—spiridusui—at his disposal. this spirit will serve him faithfully in every contingency; but in return he expects to be given the first mouthful of every dish partaken of by his master.

apothecaries in the towns say that they are often applied to for an unknown magic potion called spiridusch (that is, i suppose, a potion compelling the services of the demon spiridusui), said to have the property of disclosing hidden treasures to its lucky possessor. while i was at hermanstadt, an apothecary there received the following letter, published in a local paper, and which i here give as literally as possible:

worthy sir,—i wish to ask you of something i have been told by others—that is, that you have got for sale a thing they call spiridusch, but which, to speak more plainly, is the devil himself; and if this be true, i beg you to tell me if it be really true, and how much it costs, for my poverty is so great that i must ask the devil himself to help me. those who told me were weak, silly fellows, and were afraid; but i have no fear, and have seen many things in my life—therefore i pray you to write me this, and to take the greeting of an unknown and unhappy man.

n. n.

besides the tale of the arghisch monastery which i have quoted in a former chapter, there are many other roumanian legends which tell us how every new church, or otherwise important building, became a human grave, as it was thought indispensable to its stability to wall in a living man or woman, whose spirit henceforth haunted the place. in later times, people having become less cruel, or more probably because murder is now attended with greater inconvenience to those concerned, this custom underwent some modifications, and it became usual, in place of a living man, to wall in his shadow. this is done by measuring the shadow of a person with a long piece of cord, or a tape made of strips of reed fastened together, and interring this measure instead of the person himself, who, unconscious victim of the spell thus cast upon him, will pine away and die within forty days. it is, however, an indispensable condition to the success of this proceeding that the chosen victim be ignorant of the part he is playing, wherefore careless passers-by near a building in process of erection may chance to hear the warning cry, “beware lest they take thy shadow!” so deeply ingrained is this superstition that not long ago there were still professional shadow-traders, who made it their business to provide architects with the victims necessary for securing their walls. “of course the man whose shadow is thus interred must die,” argues the roumanian, “but being unaware of his doom, he feels neither pain nor anxiety, so it is less cruel than to wall in a living man.”

similar to the legend of the arghisch monastery is that told of the fortress of deva, in transylvania, which twelve architects had undertaken to build for the price of half a quarter of silver and half a quarter of gold. they set to work, but what they built each morning fell in before sunset, and what they built overnight was in ruins by next morning. then they held counsel as to what was to be done in order to give strength to the building; and so it was resolved to seize the first of their wives who should come to visit her husband, and, burning her alive, mix up her ashes with the mortar to be used in building.

soon after this the wife of kelemen, the architect, resolving to visit her husband, ordered the carriage to be got ready. on the way she is overtaken by a heavy thunder-storm, and the coachman, an old family servant, warns her against proceeding, for he has had an ominous dream regarding her. she, however, persists in her resolve, and soon comes in sight of the building. her husband, on seeing her, prays to god that the carriage might break down or the horses fall lame, in order to hinder her arrival; but all is in vain, and the carriage soon reaches its destination. the sorrowing husband now reveals to his wife the terrible fate in store for her, to which she resigns herself, only begging leave to say farewell to her little son and her friends. this favor is granted, and returning the following day, she is burned.

her ashes mixed with the mortar give solidity to the walls; the building is completed, and the architects obtain the high price for which they had contracted.

meanwhile the unhappy widower, returning home, is questioned by his little son as to where his mother stays so long. at first the father is evasive, but subsequently confesses the truth, on learning which the child falls dead of a broken heart.

also, at hermanstadt we are shown a point in the old town wall where a live student, dressed in ampel and toga, the costume of those days, was walled in, in order to “make fast” the fortified wall.

if we compare these legends with the traditions of other countries we find many instances of a like belief: so at arta, in albania, where, according to grimm, a thousand masons labored in vain at a bridge, whose walls invariably crumbled away overnight. there was heard the voice of an archangel saying, “if ye do not wall in a living person the bridge will never stand; neither an orphan nor yet a stranger shall it be, but the own wife of the master builder.” the master loves his wife, but yet stronger is his ambition to see his name made famous by the bridge; so when his wife comes to the spot he pretends to have dropped a ring in the foundations, and asks her to seek for it, in doing which she is seized upon and walled up. in dying she speaks a curse upon the bridge, that it may ever tremble like the head of a flower on its stalk.

in serbia there is a similar legend of the fortress skoda; and at magdeburg, in germany, the same is told of margaretha, bondwoman of the empress editha, wife of the emperor otto, who voluntarily gave up her illegitimate child to be walled up in the gate-way of the newly fortified town. fifty years later, devoured by remorse, margaretha appears before the judges to confess her crime, and crave christian burial for the bones of her child. the wall being now opened at the place she indicates, there steps forth a small wizened figure with long, tangled gray beard and shrunken limbs—no other than the child who, walled up here for half a century, had been miraculously kept alive by the birds of the air bringing him food through an opening in his narrow prison.

sometimes, indeed, the roumanian seeks covertly to compass the death of a fellow-creature without the excuse of public benefit, and merely from motives of personal revenge. in such cases it is recommended{207} to send gifts of unleavened bread to nine different churches to be used simultaneously on the same sunday at mass. this will insure the death of the victim.

to the hand of a man who has committed murder from revenge is ascribed the virtue of healing pains in the side.