and now for some little-known literary landmarks. salisbury, of course, is the scene of some passages in martin chuzzlewit; but it is outside the city that we must go, on the road to southampton, to find the residence of that eminent architect, mr. pecksniff; or the ‘blue dragon,’ where tom pinch’s friend, mrs. lupin, was landlady. st. mary’s grange, four miles from salisbury, is the real name of mr. pecksniff’s home, but the house is only vaguely indicated in the novel. it is different with the ‘blue dragon,’ which is an undoubted portrait of the ‘green dragon inn,’ at alderbury, despite the{184} fact that the sign-board has since disappeared. ‘a faded, and an ancient dragon he was; and many a wintry storm of rain, snow, sleet, and hail had changed his colour from a gaudy blue to a faint, lack-lustre shade of grey. but there he hung; rearing in a state of monstrous imbecility on his hind legs; waxing, with every month that passed, so much more dim and shapeless, that as you gazed on him at one side of the sign-board, it seemed as if he must be gradually melting through it, and coming out upon the other.’

the ‘green dragon’ is a quaint gabled village inn, standing back from the road. it is even more ancient than any one, judging only from its exterior, would suppose, for a fine fifteenth-century mantelpiece, adorned with carved crockets and heraldic roses, yet remains in the parlour, a relic of bygone importance.

as for mrs. lupin, the landlady, it is supposed that dickens drew the character from a real person. if so, how one would like to have known that cheery woman. do you remember how tom pinch left salisbury to seek his fortune in london? and how mrs. lupin met the coach on the london road with his box in the trap, and a great basket of provisions, with a bottle of sherry sticking out of it? and how the open-handed fellow shared the cold roast fowl, the packet of ham in slices, the crusty loaf, and the other half-dozen items—not forgetting the contents of the bottle—with the coachman and guard as they drove along the old road to london through the night?{185}

a word-picture

‘yoho, past hedges, gates, and trees; past cottages and barns, and people going home from work. yoho, past donkey-chaises, drawn aside into the ditch, and empty carts with rampant horses, whipped up at a bound upon the little watercourse, and held by struggling carters close to the five-barred gate, until the coach had passed the narrow turning in the road. yoho, by churches dropped down by themselves in quiet nooks, with rustic burial-grounds about them, where graves are green, and daisies sleep—for it is evening—on the bosoms of the dead. yoho, past streams in which the cattle cool their feet, and where the rushes grow; past paddock-fences, farms and rick-yards; past last year’s stacks, cut slice by slice away, and showing in the waning light like ruined gables, old and brown. yoho, down the pebbly dip, and through the merry water-splash, and up at a canter to the level road again. yoho! yoho!’

quite so. and an excellent picture of the coaching age, although ‘yoho!’ smacks too much of the sea for a coach. in his haste he wrote that word when he surely meant ‘tallyho!’ nor is this a correct portrait of the exeter road by any manner of means. dickens, usually so precise in topographical details, has generalised here. a true and stirring picture of country roads in general, there are farms, and villages, and churches all too many for this highway. it should have been ‘yoho! across the bleak and barren down. yoho! by the blasted oak on the lonely common,’ and so forth, so far as andover, at any rate. and what was that{186} water-splash doing on a main road in the flower of the coaching age, when all the runnels and streams across the mail routes were duly bridged? but it is not very odd that dickens should have been so inexact here, for he began martin chuzzlewit in 1843, and it was not until long after the book was published, in 1848, that he really explored the exeter road. forster tells us that dickens, in company with himself, leech, and lemon, stayed at salisbury in the march of that year, and ‘passed a march day in riding over every part of the plain; visiting stonehenge, and exploring hazlitt’s “hut” at winterslow.’

it must be obvious how exquisitely fitted, both by reason of its situation and circumstances, ‘winterslow hut’ is for the novelist’s use, and that, had he explored it before, that wild spot would have found a place in the pages of martin chuzzlewit, together with detailed references to some of salisbury’s old coaching inns, of which there were many, this being a meeting-place of several roads, besides being on the great highway to the west.

vanished inns

so far back as 1786 there were three coaches passing through salisbury on their way from london to exeter, daily. firstly, the ‘post coach’ every morning at eight o’clock, with the up coach to london every afternoon at four o’clock, saturdays excepted. secondly, a mail coach, specially advertised as carrying a guard all the way, every morning at ten o’clock, sundays excepted, and the up mail every night at ten o’clock, saturdays excepted. thirdly, a ‘diligence,’ which passed through every night{187} about eight o’clock, the up coach at twelve, midnight. all these coaches stopped, and were horsed, at the ‘white hart.’ in 1797 there were five coaches to and from london, daily, and three on alternate days; and three waggons, two every day, the other on tuesdays, thursdays, and saturdays.

in those times, when highwaymen were numerous and daring and travellers appropriately anxious, stage-coach proprietors in salisbury advertised the fact of their conveyances being provided with an armed guard, and that any one making an attempt at robbery would be handed over to justice. but, notwithstanding such bold announcements, all the friends and relatives of citizens daring the journey to london used to assemble on the london road and tearfully watch the coaches as they toiled up bishop down and over the crest of three mile hill, into the unknown. the spot is still called ‘weeping cross.’

of the old salisbury coaching inns, a goodly number have been either pulled down or converted to other purposes. the ‘king’s head,’ the ‘maidenhead,’ the ‘sun,’ the ‘vine,’ the ‘three tuns,’ and others have entirely disappeared; and the ‘spread eagle,’ the ‘lamb,’ ‘three cups,’ ‘antelope,’ and the ‘george’—where pepys stayed and was overcharged—have become shops or private residences; while the beautiful old ‘three swans’ was converted into a temperance hotel five years ago.

there is a passage in sir william knighton’s diary under date of 1832, which, although written without any special emphasis, is highly picturesque and informative{188} on the subject of travelling at that time. it gives in one phrase a glimpse of the waiting-room which was a feature of all-coaching inns, and in another shows that it was possible to bargain for fares. only in this instance the bargain was not struck.

he had come at half-past one in the morning into salisbury by a cross-country coach, and waiting for the arrival of the mail to exeter, ‘sat quietly by the fire in the common dirty room appropriated to coach passengers.’

for twenty minutes, he says, he had for companion a man who had just disengaged himself from an irritable rencontre with the coachman of the mail. he had waited from two o’clock in the afternoon to go on to bristol, but when the time arrived he quarrelled with the coachman about whether he should pay nine shillings or twelve, the passenger insisting upon nine, the whip three shillings more; upon which the traveller decided not to go, returned to the coachroom, and ordered his bed. sir william asked him if it really was worth while to lose the time and to pay for a bed at the inn over this unsuccessful negotiation, and to this the man replied that it was not. ‘in fact,’ said he, ‘we have both been taken in. the coachman thought i would pay, and i thought he would take my offer.’