and so we come to goodness—and at the same time to a change in our program. after calling on the artist as an expert to testify in regard to beauty, and the philosopher to tell us about truth, it would seem that we should hear about goodness from a moralist. so, no doubt, you expected—and so i had originally intended. but it cannot have failed to secure your notice that our experts pursued a somewhat unconventional line of argument. the artist told us that the way to teach children to love beauty was to leave them free to hate it if they chose. the philosopher said that the way to inculcate in children a love of truth was to leave them free to hold wrong opinions. now it is all very well to talk that way about beauty and truth. we might perhaps be persuaded to take such risks, so long as only beauty and truth were involved. but goodness is a different matter. it simply would not do for us to hear any one who proposed a similar course[pg 158] in regard to conduct. imagine any one suggesting that the way to teach children to be good is to leave them free to be bad! but that is just what i am afraid would happen if we called an expert on morals to the stand. i have observed twenty or thirty of them shuffling their notes and their feet and waiting to be called on. but i do not trust them. no! goodness is not going to be treated in so irreverent a fashion while i am running this discussion. i am going to see that this subject is treated with becoming reverence. and as the only way of making absolutely sure of this, i am going to address you myself.

we want children to grow up to be good men and women; and we want to know how the school can assist in this process. first, we must define goodness; and i shall suggest the rough outline of such a definition, which we must presently fill up in detail, by saying that goodness is living a really civilized life. and as one’s conduct is not to be measured or judged except as it affects others, we may say that goodness is a matter of civilized relationships between persons. and furthermore, as the two most important things in life are its preservation and perpetuation, the two fields of conduct in which it is most necessary to be civilized are work and love. let us first[pg 159] deal with work and find out what constitutes civilized conduct in that field.

we all exist, as we are accustomed to remind ourselves, in a world where one must work in order to live. that, in a broad sense, is true; but there are certain classes of persons exempt from any such actual compulsion; and with respect to almost any specific individual outside of those classes, it is generally possible for him to escape from that compulsion if he chooses. take any one of us here; you, for instance. if you really and truly did not want to work, you could find a way to avoid it; you could get your wife or your mother to support you by taking in washing or doing stenography—or, if they refused, you could manage to become the victim of some accident which would disable you from useful labor and enable you to spend your days peacefully in an institution. but you prefer to work; and the fact is that you like work. you are unhappy because you don’t get a chance to do the work you could do best, or because you have not yet found the work you can do well; but you have energies which demand expression in work. and if you turn to the classes which are exempt from any compulsion to work, you find the rich expending their energies either in the same channels as everybody[pg 160] else, or organizing their play until its standards of effort are as exacting as those of work; you find women who are supported by their husbands rebelling against the imprisonment of the idle home, and seeking in all directions for employment of their energies; and as for the third class of those who do not have to work in order to live, we find that even idiots are happier when set at basket-weaving.

if we attempt to moralize upon the basis of these facts, we arrive at a conclusion something like this: it is right to use one’s energies in organized effort—the more highly organized the better. and if we ask what is the impulse or trait or quality which makes people turn from an easy to a hard life, from loafing to sport, from sport to work, and which makes them contemptuous of each other and of themselves if they neglect an opportunity or evade a challenge to go into something still harder and more exacting—if we ask what it is that despite all our pretensions of laziness pushes us up more and more difficult paths of effort, we are obliged to call it enterprise.

and when we face the fact that enterprise is a love of difficulties for their own sake, we realize that the normal human being has, within certain limits, a pleasure in pain: for it is painful to run[pg 161] a race, to learn a language, to write a sonnet, to put through a deal—and pleasurable precisely because it is, within these limits, painful. if it is too easy, there is no fun in it. the extremer sorts of enterprise we call courage and heroism. but though we admire the fireman who risks his life in a burning building, we would not admire the man who deliberately set fire to his own bed in order to suffer the pangs of torture by fire; nor, although we admire the airmen who come down frozen from high altitudes, would we applaud a man who locked himself in a refrigerator over the week-end in order to suffer the torture of great cold. we would feel, in both these hypothetical cases, that there was no relevancy of their action to the world of reality. but upon this point our emotions are after all uncertain. we do not begrudge applause to the football-star who is carried from the field with a broken collar-bone, or to the movie-star who drives a motor-car off a cliff into the sea, though it is quite clear that these actions are relevant to and significant in the world of fantasy rather than the world of reality. what it comes down to is the intelligibility of the action. does it relate to any world, of reality or of fantasy, which we can understand, which has any significance for us?

[pg 162]when we turn to the child, we find that normally he has no lack of enterprise. but his enterprise is relevant to a world of childish dreaming to which we have lost the key. his activities are largely meaningless to us—that is why we are so annoyed by them. and, in the same way, our kinds of enterprise are largely meaningless to him. that is why he usually objects so strongly to lessons and tasks. they interrupt and interfere with the conduct of his own affairs. he is as outraged at having to stop his play to put a shovelful of coal on the furnace, as a sober business man would be at being compelled, by some strange and tyrannical infantile despotism, to stop dictating letters and join, at some stated hour, in a game of ring-around-the-rosy. most of what we object to as misconduct in children is a natural rebellion against the intrusion of an unimaginative adult despotism into their lives.

nevertheless, it is our adult world that they are going to have to live in, and they must learn to live in it. and it is true, moreover, that much of their enterprise is capable of finding as satisfactory employment in what we term the world of reality as in their world of dreams. what we commonly do, however, is to convince them by punishment and scolding that our world of reality[pg 163] is unpleasant. what we ought to do is to make it more agreeable, more interesting, more fascinating, than their world of dreams. our friend the artist has already told us how this may be done, and our friend the philosopher has given some oblique hints on the same subject. i merely note here that the school is the place in which the transition from the world of dreams to the world of realities may be best effected.

but there are various kinds of enterprise in our adult world. it is undoubtedly enterprising to hold up a pay-train, a la jesse james. but though when the act involves real daring, we cannot withhold an instinctive admiration, yet we know that it is wrong. why wrong? because such acts disorganize and discourage, and if unchecked would ruin, the whole elaborate system of enterprise by which such trains are despatched and such money earned. it is obvious that train-robbery and wage-labor cannot fairly compete with one another; that if train-robbery goes on long enough, nobody will do wage-labor, and there will eventually cease to be pay-trains to rob. the law does not take cognizance of these reasons, but punishes train-robbery as a crime against property. yet if we look into the matter for a moment, we realize that loyalty to any property[pg 164] system ultimately rests upon the conviction that its destruction would result in the total frustration of the finer sorts of human enterprise; it is for this reason that conservative people always persuade themselves that any change in the economic arrangements of society, from a new income-tax to communism, is a kind of train-robbery, bound to end in universal piracy and ruin. and this moral indignation, whether in any given instance appropriate or not—or whether, as in the case of many piratical kinds of business enterprise, left for long in abeyance—is the next step in our human morality. if we ask ourselves, why should not human enterprise turn into a welter of primitive piracy, with all the robbers robbing each other, we are compelled to answer that in the long run it would not be interesting. for, although destruction is temporarily more exciting, it is only construction that is permanently interesting. and if we ask why it is more interesting, we find that it is because it is harder. it is too easy to destroy. destruction may be occasionally a good thing, as a tonic, something to give to individuals or populations a sense of power; but their most profound instinct is toward creation.

but the child, by reason of the primitive stage[pg 165] of his development, tends to engage rather more enthusiastically in destruction as a mode of enterprise than in creation. he tires of building, and it is a question whether or not the pleasure he takes in knocking over his houses of blocks does not exceed his pleasure in building them. he prefers playing at hunting and war to playing at keeping house. and his imagination responds more readily to the robber-exploits of robin hood than to the stories of great inventors. this is a fact, but it need not discourage us. what is necessary is for him to learn the interestingness of creation. if what he builds is not a house of blocks on the nursery floor, but a wigwam in the woods, his destructive energies are likely to be satisfied in cutting down the saplings with which to build it. this simply means that his destructive energies have become subordinated to his constructive ones, as they are in adult life. but they cannot become so subordinated until what he constructs is wholly the result of his own wishes, and until moreover it is more desirable as the starting-point of new creative activities than as something to destroy. those conditions are fulfilled whenever a group of children play together and have free access to the materials with which[pg 166] to construct. and that is what the school is for—to provide the materials, and the freedom, and be the home of a process by which children learn that it is more fun to create than to destroy.