one moment!—i take it, my friends, we are agreed in demanding of the philosopher that he condescend to some concrete and practical suggestions in regard to education.—briefly, please!

the philosopher. “you must draw your own conclusions. traditional education is based on the assumption that knowledge is a mass of information which can be given to the child in little dabs at regular intervals. we know, however, that the education based on this assumption is a failure. it kills rather than stimulates curiosity; and without curiosity, information is useless. we are thus forced to realize that knowledge does not reside outside the child, but in the contact of the child with the world through the medium of curiosity. and thus the whole emphasis of education is changed. we no longer seek to educate the child—we only attempt to give him the opportunity to educate himself. he[pg 150] alone has the formula of his own specific needs; none of us is wise enough to arrange for him the mysterious series of beautiful and poignant contacts with reality by which alone he can ‘learn.’ this means that he must choose his own lessons. and if you think that, left to choose, he would prefer no lessons at all, you are quite mistaken. let me remind you that children are notoriously curious about everything—everything except, as you will very justly point out, the things people want them to know. it then remains for us to refrain from forcing any kind of knowledge upon them, and they will be curious about everything. you may imagine that they will prefer only the less complex kinds of knowledge; but do you regard children’s games as simple? they are in fact exceedingly complex. and they are all the more interesting because they are complex. we ourselves with our adult minds, penetrate cheerfully into the complexities of baseball, or embroidery, or the stock-market, following the lead of some natural curiosity; and if our minds less often penetrate into the complexities of music, or science, it is because these things have associations which bring them within the realm of the dutiful. evolutionary biology is far more interesting than stamp-collecting; but it is, unfortunately,[pg 151] made to seem not so delightfully useless, and hence it is shunned by adolescent boys and girls. but postage-stamp collecting can be made as much a bore as biology; it needs only to be put into the schools as a formal course.

“consider for a moment the boy stamp-collector. his interest in his collection is in the nature of a passion. does it astonish you that passionateness should be the fruit of idle curiosity? then you need to face the facts of human psychology. the boy’s passion for his collection of stamps is akin to the passion of the scientist and the poet. do you desire of children that they should have a similar passion for arithmetic, for geography, for history? then you must leave them free to find out the interestingness of these things. there is no way to passionate interest save through the gate of curiosity; and curiosity is born of idleness. but doubtless you have a quite wrong notion of what idleness means. idleness is not doing nothing. idleness is being free to do anything. to be forced to do nothing is not idleness, it is the worst kind of imprisonment. being made to stand in the corner with one’s face to the wall is not idleness—it is punishment. but getting up on saturday morning with a wonderful day ahead in which one may do[pg 152] what one likes—that is idleness. and it leads straight into tremendous expenditures of energy. there is a saying, ‘the devil finds some mischief still for idle hands to do.’ yes, but why should the devil have no competition? and that, as i understand it, is the function of education—to provide for idle and happy children fascinating contacts with reality—through games, tools, books, scientific instruments, gardens, and older persons with passionate interests in science and art and handicraft.

“such a place would in a few respects resemble the schools we know; but the spirit would be utterly different from the spirit of traditional education. the apparatus for arousing the child’s curiosity would be infinitely greater than the meagre appliances of our public schools; but however great, the child would be the centre of it all—not as the object of a process, but as the possessor of the emotions by force of which all these outward things become education.

“but, you may ask, what has all this to do with truth? simply this. we have been forcing children to memorize alleged facts. a fact so memorized cannot be distinguished from a falsehood similarly memorized. and so we may very well say that we have failed to bring truth into[pg 153] education. for truth is reality brought into vital contact with the mind. it makes no difference whether we teach children that the earth is round or flat, if it means nothing to them either way. for truth does not reside in something outside the child’s mind; reality becomes truth only when it is made a part of his living.

“but, you will protest—and you will protest the more loudly the more you know of children—that their processes of thought are illogical, fantastic and wayward. and you will ask, do i mean that we must respect the child’s error in order to cultivate in him a love of truth? yes, i do mean just that! do i mean that we must respect the child’s belief that the earth is flat, you ask? more than that, we must respect a thousand obscure and pervasive childish notions, such as the notion that a hair from a horse’s tail will turn into a pollywog if left in the rainbarrel, or the notion that the way to find a lost ball is to spit on the back of the hand, repeat an incantation couched in such words as ‘spit, spit, tell me where the ball is!’ and then strike it with the palm of the other hand. you can doubtless supply a thousand instances of the kind of childhood thinking to which i refer. but for simplicity’s sake, let us use the childish notion that the earth is flat as[pg 154] a convenient symbol for them all. and i say that if we do not respect the error, we shall not have any real success in convincing the child of the truth. we shall easily persuade him that the globe in the schoolroom is round—that the picture of the earth in the geography-book is round—but not that the familiar earth upon which he walks is anything but flat! at best, we shall teach him a secondary, literary, schoolroom conception to put beside his workaday one. and, in the long run, we shall place a scientific conception of things in general beside his primitive childish superstitions—but we shall scarcely displace them; and when it comes to a show-down in his adult life, we shall find him acting in accordance with childish superstitions rather than with scientific knowledge. most of us, as adults, are full of such superstitions, and we act accordingly, and live feebly and fearfully; for we have never yielded to the childish magical conception of the world the respect that is due to it as a worthy opponent of scientific truth—we have assumed that we were persuaded of truth, while in reality truth has never yet met error in fair fight in our minds.

“if you wish to convince a friend of something,[pg 155] do you not first seek to find out what he really thinks about it, and make him weigh your truth and his error in the same balance? but in dealing with children, we fail to take account of their opinions at all. we say, ‘you must believe this because it is so.’ if they do believe it, they have only added one more superstition to their collection. truths are not true because somebody says so; nor even because everybody says so; they are true only because they fit in better with all the rest of life than what we call errors—because they bear the test of living—because they work out. and this way of discovering truth is within the capacity of the youngest school-child. if you can get him to state candidly and without shame his doubtless erroneous ideas about the world, and give him leave to prove their correctness to you, you will have set in motion a process which is worthy to be called education; for it will constitute a genuine matching of theory with theory in his mind, a real training in inductive logic, and what conclusions he reaches will be truly his. when he sees in a familiar sunset, as he will see with a newly fascinated eye, the edge of the earth swinging up past the sun—then astronomy will[pg 156] be real to him, and full of meaning—and not a collection of dull facts that must be remembered against examination-day.

“this means that we must treat children as our equals. education must embody a democratic relationship between adults and children. children must be granted freedom of opinion—and freedom of opinion means nothing except the freedom to believe a wrong opinion until you are persuaded of a right one. they, moreover, must be the judges of what constitutes persuasion. you have asked me for practical and concrete suggestions in regard to education. i will make this one before i go: when i find an astronomy class in the first grade engaged in earnest debate as to whether the earth is round or flat, i will know that our school system has begun to be concerned for the first time with the inculcation of a love of truth. for, like milton, i can not praise a fugitive and cloistered virtue, unexercised and unbreathed, that never sallies out and sees her adversary, but slinks out of the race, where that immortal garland is to be run for, not without dust and heat.—i thank you for your attention!”