a parting tribute of gratitude inscribed to the people of adel.

tradition asserts that prior to the invasion of graan, “the mighty adel monarch,” who overran and dismembered once-powerful ethiopia, the eastern limit of the empire was jebel aiúlloo, known to the abyssinians as mount azulo. but although frequently invaded, no portion of the wide plain of the háwash has been reconquered, whether by sáhela selássie, or by his ancestors. the relatives of certain of those in authority have been made prisoners by treachery, and as hostages are held in close durance by the king, but the boasted influence of the abogáz is principally supported by conciliation, and by the annual presentation of cloths and specie to the various chiefs and elders—a measure having for its object to preserve the avenues to the sea-coast and to the bahr assál, whereon shoa and efát are almost entirely dependant for foreign wares, and for salt, which the country does not produce.

the powerful independent chieftain of the principal section of gibdósa, who occupy the detached hill of rása, across the róbi river, northward of dinómali, is one of those in nominal alliance with the negoos; but his wild moslems make constant predatory inroads upon the frontier of argóbba, slaying christians and mohammadans of either sex, without any compunction; and the policy of his majesty prohibiting retaliation, however aggravated the outrage, anbássa ali, or “the lion,” who like esau of old is said to be covered with hair from the crown of the head even unto the sole of the foot, not unfrequently makes hostile demonstrations in person, which require all the wulásma’s tact and diplomatic cunning to avert.

from háo, on the eastern side of the háwash, to fárri, the intervening tract, under the nominal jurisdiction of mohammad abogáz, is in occupation of a mixed nomade population, not remarkable for their honesty, and composed from numerous subdivisions of the danákil, but principally from the burhánto or adáli, under ibn hámed deen hássan. this latter, which takes ada?el in the plural, is the clan of the reigning sultán of tajúra; and being in days of yore the most powerful and important tribe in the nation, its name has been imparted to the entire country, now corrupted into adel.

in time of war with the adjacent galla on the south, or when called upon to repel the predatory invasions of the muda?to, the tribes westward of the háwash assemble with the tukha?el, the débeni, the derméla, the rookhba, the wóema, and the hy somauli, the extent of whose respective territories has already been defined. these, with the abli or dinsérra, under mohammad ali, surnamed jeróa, or “the thief,” which is the tribe of hámed buna?to, present wuzir and heir-apparent to the throne of tajúra—the adane?to and nakur, under shehém mulakoo—the dondamétta, the duttagóora, and the hássóba, led respectively by ahmed kámil, she?kh déeni, and déeni ibn ibrahim—collectively assume the title of débenik-wóema, k being the dankáli conjunction.

adalo bin hámed, who leads a section of the gibdósa encamped at haódé and dunné, occasionally unites with the débenik-wóema in the time of their need, but he is held virtually independent. the fourth and last section of the débeni, under the authority of mahmóodi, has its tents at the isolated volcanic mountain of fantáli, southward of dinómali, where reside also the united ada?el clans ulua?to, muffa, and eyrolásso, under the great “brave” lamúllifan.

these tribes occupy the whole extent of country between abyssinia and mirsa rahe?ta, near the entrance to the red sea, the head-quarters of roofa boorhán, she?kh of a subdivision of the duttagóora. thence they stretch along the coast to the south-eastward, and from góobut el kharáb, between the parallels, bounded on the south by the eesah and other somauli tribes, and flanked on the north by the muda?to.

the ada?el or danákil population, which, including the muda?to, extends as far as arkeeko, entitles itself afer, and claims to be descended from arab invaders, who, in the seventh century of the christian era, overran and colonised the low tract which forms a zone between the abyssinian alps and the coast of the red sea. to a certain extent the northern tribes are subject to the nayib of arkeeko, whose authority is recognised in much the same proportion as that of the feeble sultán of tajúra by the southern clans; but although speaking the same language, they can hardly be said to constitute a nation, being so widely dispersed, that for many days together not a trace of man is to be discovered over the joyless deserts which form the lot of his inheritance, scorched by an ardent sun, and alive only with “moving pillars of sand.”

from time immemorial every individual has been his own king. each marauding community is marked by a wild independence; and the free spirit of the whole is to be traced in the rapine, discord, and bloodshed which universally prevails. theirs is “an iron sky, and a soil of brass,” where the clouds drop little rain, and the earth yields no vegetation. it is no “land of rivers of water,” nor have the “lines fallen in pleasant places.” the desert stretches far on every side, strewed with black boulders of heated lava, and enveloped by a glowing atmosphere. in this country of perfidy and vindictive ferocity, the proprietors of the barren land murder every stranger who shall intrude; and the common benefits of water are an object of perpetual contest. reprisal and revenge form the guiding maxim of all. monsters, not men, their savage propensities are portrayed in a dark and baleful eye, and the avenger of blood is closely dogging the footsteps of one half the population.

as laziness is the chief source of african misery at large, so is it with the danákil in particular. they possess that “conceit in their misery” which induces them to despise the labours of the cultivator; and such is the characteristic want of water, that, excepting at aussa, agriculture is unknown, even in its rudest form. a pastoral, itinerant, and belligerent people, divided into endless clans and ramifications, under divers independent chieftains, their mode of living entitles them to rank only one step in civilisation above the positive savage who depends for daily subsistence upon the chase and upon the spontaneous productions of nature.

born to the spear, and bred in eternal strife with his predatory neighbours, each lawless member of the straggling community inherits the untameable spirit of the descendants of ishma?l; and it is made subservient to all the worst vices and passions inherent in the semi-barbarian. in his very attitude and bearing there is that which proclaims him in his own opinion lord of the universe, entitled to enjoy, with a thankless heart, all that he is capable of enjoying. no favour claims his gratitude—nothing demands a thought beyond the present moment. unlike the arab bedouin, he is too indolent and improvident during seasons of plenty, to convert the produce of his flocks and herds into a store against the coming day of drought and famine. gorged to repletion, the residue is suffered to go to waste; and so long as his belly is full, his licentiousness gratified, and he has leisure to lounge about in listless idleness, the measure of his happiness is complete, and the sun may rise and set without his troubling his head as to the mode in which the day has been passed, or how the next meal is to be provided.

many of the ada?el are extensive owners of camels, and deal largely in slaves—a trade which yields three hundred per cent, with the least possible risk or trouble to the merchant; but when not upon the journey periodically undertaken to acquire the materials for this traffic, all lead a life of indolence and gross sensuality—eating, sleeping, and indulging in the baser passions, according to the bent of their vicious inclinations. their delight is to be dirty and to be idle. they wear the same cloth without ablution until it fairly drops from the back; and abhorring honest labour, whether agricultural or handicraft, pass the day in drowsiness, or in the enjoyment of a quiet seat before the hamlet, where the scandal of the community is retailed. basking in the sun, and arranging their curly locks with the point of the skewer, they here indulge in unlimited quantities of snuff, and mumble large rolls of tobacco and ashes, which are so thrust betwixt the under lip and the white teeth, as to impart the unseemly appearance of a growing wen, and if temporarily removed are invariably deposited behind the left ear. no race of men in the world stink more offensively; but whilst polluting the atmosphere with rancid tallow and putrid animal intestines, they never condescend to approach a christian without holding their own noses!

amongst the danákil are to be found some of the most scowling, ill-favoured, and hideous-looking savages in the universe, but the features of the majority have an arab cast which supports the legend of their origin; and notwithstanding the influence exerted upon the lineaments by passions uncontrolled, the expression of many is pleasing, and even occasionally intellectual. all are muscular and active, but singularly scraggy and loosely knit, and to an easy shuffling gait is added a national addiction to standing cross-legged. young as well as old take infinite pains to disfigure the person, and thus to render it ferocious in appearance. scars obtained in brawls and conflicts from stones and cold steel are esteemed the highest ornaments, and the breast and stomach are usually seamed with a mystic maze of rhombs and reticulated triangles, produced by scarification with a sharp fragment of obsidian, so as to resemble the plan of a fortified town of days gone by.

the upper lip is denuded with the creese, and the scanty beard suffered to flourish in curls along the cheeks and over the chin; whilst the hair, coarse and long, saturated with grease and mutton fat from infancy, and exposed during life to the fiercest sun, becomes crisped into a thick curly mop, like a counsellor’s wig, which is shaved behind on a line between the ears, and constitutes the first great pride of the proprietor. the picking it out into a due spherical form affords employment during his ample leisure, and the contemplation of its wild perfection is the predominant object when the mirror is placed within his grasp. baldness commences at an early age, and many of the ancient dandies seek protection from the solar influence under sheep-skin perukes of preposterous size, their artificial curls, in common with those that are natural, displaying an ornamented wooden spike or bodkin, which serves as a comb, and is often fancifully carved and provided with two or even three prongs.

the operation of greasing this wig without the aid of the barber is original. a lump of raw fat, cut from the overgrown tail of the berbera sheep, having been some time masticated and mumbled, is expelled into the hands, betwixt the palms of which it is reduced by rubbing to a suitable consistency, and then transferred en masse to the crown. exposure to the fierce rays of a tropical sun soon conveys the desired nourishment to the roots of the hair. a number of jets and brilliants, which first adorn the periwig, are presently fried into oily shreds, and the liquid tallow, adulterated with dirt, trickling in streams adown the swarthy visage and over the neck, exhales the most sickening of odours. all, however, cannot afford this luxury of the toilet, nor is it every one who can resist the temptation of swallowing the dainty morsel when once consigned to the mouth; and hence is seen many a poll of sun-burnt hair, in colour and consistency resembling the housemaid’s cobweb broom which is quaintly denominated “the pope’s head.”

the simple costume of the bedouin consists of a piece of checked cloth wrapped loosely about the loins, and descending to the knees so as to resemble a kilt or short petticoat; whilst a cotton robe is thrown over the shoulder after the manner of the roman toga. miserly in disposition, few outward ornaments grace his person, save an occasional necklace of fat, and a few armlets and bracelets composed of potent passages from the korán either stitched in leather, or enveloped in coloured thread. a thong adorned with a metal button girds to the right hip of old and young a creese two feet in length, the wooden hilt of which is decorated with a pewter stud, whilst the scabbard is ornamented with an aromatic sprig, employed as a tooth-brush, and masticated for hours together.

three inches broad in the blade, and possessing a truly murderous crook in the centre, the creese is doubtless a most formidable weapon at close quarters. with it the danákil builds his house; with it he slays the animal, and flays the carcase. it is his sword in battle, his knife at the table, his razor at the toilet, his hatchet, and his nail-parer. a savage desirous of illustrating the most approved exercise, after whetting the blade upon a stone, capers about describing a series of flourishes and cuts, both under and over the shield, stabbing and parrying to the right and to the left, until at length comes the last grand touch of disembowelment, when a ripping motion is accompanied by a bound into the air, and a howl of perfect satisfaction such as might be conjectured to issue from the jaws of the glutted vampire.

the spear, which is seldom out of the hand of the danákil, is some seven feet in length, a shaft of tough close-grained wood called “adepto” being heavily poised with metal at the butt, and topped by a blade from ten to fifteen inches long, by three broad, reduced to as keen an edge as constant scouring with sand and grease can impart. great aversion is entertained to this weapon being stepped over, and its fall to the ground, independently of the damage that might be sustained, is regarded as an evil omen, and believed to destroy its power over the flesh and blood of an enemy. the spear of a chief only is mounted with bands of brass and copper wire, but the points of all are graced alike with a lump of sheep’s-tail fat. although sometimes employed as a missive, the pike exercise is more usually resorted to—the warrior stealing onward in a crouching position, and springing suddenly with a yell and a cat-like bound to transfix the body of his foe. “none but a woman would retain the spear in the hour of battle,” quoth one of the braves—“the creese is the hand to hand weapon!”

the shield, fashioned out of the stiff hide of the báeza, or of the wild buffalo, is a perfect circle, of from one to two feet in diameter, with the rim turned outwards, and the centre convexed, for the purpose of checking the flight or launch of the missive. a button or boss which forms the apex is usually adorned with some proud trophy of the chase, in addition to the red beard of a he-goat, undeviatingly attached as a charm. a small bag, slung in the interior of the buckler, contains the portable wealth of the proprietor, and a forked stick is annexed to the hand strap, to admit of suspension to a tree. engaged, the warrior keeps the shield in a continual revolving motion, in strict accordance with the movement of the eyes, which in fierce and violent frenzy are rolled in the sockets during the continuance of the conflict.

cruel, bloodthirsty, and vindictive, the danákil do not possess that spirit of individual enterprise or chivalry, or that reckless disregard of personal danger which, to certain races of men, imparts the stamp of military habits; but a season of scarcity dooms every neighbouring tribe whose pastures are more favoured than their own, to invasion, massacre, and pillage. a fiendish whoop is the signal for the gathering of the clan; and, obedient to the call, each man at arms, grasping spear and shield, abandons his wretched wigwam with truly savage alacrity. his fierce and untamed passions now riot uncontrolled, and those who during the foray are guilty of the greatest enormities, strut about on return amongst their fellows, bedecked with ostrich plumes, and other badges of distinction, reciting each to some wild tune, the tale of his bloody exploits.

morose, and possessing little perception of the ridiculous, witticisms and hilarity in conversation are restricted to the ribald jest; but brawls are frequent, and the bivouac is often cheered by the wild chorus selected from a choice collection breathing in every line self-sufficiency and defiance to the foe. accompanied by savage gestures and contortions—now menacing, now mincing, and now furious—these strains are chanted during the livelong night with clear and energetic throats, chiefly with the design of intimidating, by the noisy clamour, any hostile party that may be lurking in the vicinity of the encampment, intent either upon the requital of injuries done, or the acquisition of fame by aggressions unprovoked.

superstitious to the last degree, the itinerant bedouin takes the field arrayed in a panoply of amulets, designed as a defence against witchcraft, and to be thrown towards the enemy in the hour of battle. a verse from the korán, sewn up in leather, and hung about the neck, secures him against all incorporeal enemies. no whirlwind ever sweeps across the path without being pursued by a dozen savages with drawn creeses, who stab into the centre of the dusty column in order to drive away the evil spirit that is believed to be riding on the blast. all have firm faith in the incarnation of the devil, who is described as a monster with perpendicular eyes, capable of rolling along the ground with the rotatory motion of a ball; and ibrahim shehém abli, a most unblushing liar, and no less notable a necromancer than warrior, confidently asserted his individual ability to raise seven hundred of these demons for evil, during any moonlight night of the entire year.

the mosque and the muezzin have no existence in the interior, where religion gradually shades away; and, unlike the people of tajúra, there is here little external display of islamism observable, save in the bigoted detestation evinced towards those of every other than the mohammadan creed. but although prostrations are wanting, and rosaries are untold, the vagrants still preserve their knavish reputations unblemished. the white feather, which in europe is the emblem of cowardice, is appropriately placed in the head of these midnight assassins, and the neighbouring tribes have not ill-portrayed the national character in the assertion, that “the tongues of the ada?el are long for the express purpose of lying, that their arms are long but to admit of their pilfering the property of others, and that their legs are long in order that they may run away like poltroons in the day of danger and retribution.”