july 1st.—immediately after our arrival yesterday, we went out and inquired our way to the cathedral, which we reached through a good deal of scotch dirt, and a rabble of scotch people of all sexes and ages. the women of scotland have a faculty of looking exceedingly ugly as they grow old. the cathedral i have already noticed in the record of my former visit to scotland. i did it no justice then, nor shall do it any better justice now; but it is a fine old church, although it makes a colder and severer impression than most of the gothic architecture which i have elsewhere seen. i do not know why this should be so; for portions of it are wonderfully rich, and everywhere there are arches opening beyond arches, and clustered pillars and groined roofs, and vistas, lengthening along the aisles. the person who shows it is an elderly man of jolly aspect and demeanor; he is enthusiastic about the edifice, and makes it the thought and object of his life; and being such a merry sort of man, always saying something mirthfully, and yet, in all his thoughts, words, and actions, having reference to this solemn cathedral, he has the effect of one of the corbels or gargoyles,—those ludicrous, strange sculptures which the gothic architects appended to their arches.

the upper portion of the minster, though very stately and beautiful, is not nearly so extraordinary as the crypts. here the intricacy of the arches, and the profound system on which they are arranged, is inconceivable, even when you see them,—a whole company of arches uniting in one keystone; arches uniting to form a glorious canopy over the shrine or tomb of a prelate; arches opening through and beyond one another, whichever way you look,— all amidst a shadowy gloom, yet not one detail wrought out the less beautifully and delicately because it could scarcely be seen. the wreaths of flowers that festoon one of the arches are cut in such relief that they do but just adhere to the stone on which they grow. the pillars are massive, and the arches very low, the effect being a twilight, which at first leads the spectator to imagine himself underground; but by and by i saw that the sunshine came in through the narrow windows, though it scarcely looked like sunshine then. for many years these crypts were used as burial-ground, and earth was brought in, for the purpose of making graves; so that the noble columns were half buried, and the beauty of the architecture quite lost and forgotten. now the dead men's bones and the earth that covered them have all been removed, leaving the original pavement of the crypt, or a new one in its stead, with only the old relics of saints, martyrs, and heroes underneath, where they have lain so long that they have become a part of the spot. . . . i was quite chilled through, and the old verger regretted that we had not come during the late hot weather, when the everlasting damp and chill of the spot would have made us entirely comfortable. these crypts originated in the necessity of keeping the floor of the upper cathedral on one level, the edifice being built on a declivity, and the height of the crypt being measured by the descent of the site.

after writing the above, we walked out and saw something of the newer portion of glasgow; and, really, i am inclined to think it the stateliest of cities. the exchange and other public buildings, and the shops in buchanan street, are very magnificent; the latter, especially, excelling those of london. there is, however, a pervading sternness and grimness resulting from the dark gray granite, which is the universal building-material both of the old and new edifices. later in the forenoon we again walked out, and went along argyle street, and through the trongate and the salt-market. the two latter were formerly the principal business streets, and together with high street, the abode of the rich merchants and other great people of the town. high street, and, still more, the salt-market, now swarm with the lower orders to a degree which i never witnessed elsewhere; so that it is difficult to make one's way among the sullen and unclean crowd, and not at all pleasant to breathe in the noisomeness of the atmosphere. the children seem to have been unwashed from birth. some of the gray houses appear to have once been stately and handsome, and have their high gable ends notched at the edges, like a flight of stairs. we saw the tron steeple, and the statue of king william iii., and searched for the old tolbooth. . . . wandering up the high street, we turned once more into the quadrangle of the university, and mounted a broad stone staircase which ascends square, and with right-angular turns on one corner, on the outside of the edifices. it is very striking in appearance, being ornamented with a balustrade, on which are large globes of stone, and a great lion and unicorn curiously sculptured on the opposite side. while we waited here, staring about us, a man approached, and offered to show us the interior. he seemed to be in charge of the college buildings. we accepted his offer, and were led first up this stone staircase, and into a large and stately hall, panelled high towards the ceiling with dark oak, and adorned with elaborately carved cornices, and other wood-work. there was a long reading-table towards one end of the hall, on which were laid pamphlets and periodicals; and a venerable old gentleman, with white head and bowed shoulders, sat there reading a newspaper. this was the principal of the university, and as he looked towards us graciously, yet as if expecting some explanation of our entrance, i approached and apologized for intruding on the plea of our being strangers and anxious to see the college. he made a courteous response, though in exceedingly decayed and broken accents, being now eighty-six years old, and gave us free leave to inspect everything that was to be seen. this hall was erected two years after the restoration of charles ii., and has been the scene, doubtless, of many ceremonials and high banquetings since that period; and, among other illustrious personages, queen victoria has honored it with her presence. thence we went into several recitation or lecture rooms in various parts of the buildings; but they were all of an extreme plainness, very unlike the rich old gothic libraries and chapels and halls which we saw in oxford. indeed, the contrast between this scotch severity and that noble luxuriance, and antique majesty, and rich and sweet repose of oxford, is very remarkable, both within the edifices and without. but we saw one or two curious things,—for instance, a chair of mahogany, elaborately carved with the arms of scotland and other devices, and having a piece of the kingly stone of scone inlaid in its seat. this chair is used by the principal on certain high occasions, and we ourselves, of course, sat down in it. our guide assigned to it a date preposterously earlier than could have been the true one, judging either by the character of the carving or by the fact that mahogany has not been known or used much more than a century and a half.

afterwards he led us into the divinity hall, where, he said, there were some old portraits of historic people, and among them an original picture of mary, queen of scots. there was, indeed, a row of old portraits at each end of the apartment,—for instance, zachariah boyd, who wrote the rhyming version of the bible, which is still kept, safe from any critical eye, in the library of the university to which he presented this, besides other more valuable benefactions,—for which they have placed his bust in a niche in the principal quadrangle; also, john knox makes one of the row of portraits; and a dozen or two more of scotch worthies, all very dark and dingy. as to the picture of mary of scotland, it proved to be not hers at all, but a picture of queen mary, the consort of william iii., whose portrait, together with that of her sister, queen anne, hangs in the same row. we told our guide this, but he seemed unwilling to accept it as a fact. there is a museum belonging to the university; but this, for some reason or other, could not be shown to us just at this time, and there was little else to show. we just looked at the gardens, but, though of large extent, they are so meagre and bare—so unlike that lovely shade of the oxford gardens—that we did not care to make further acquaintance with them.

then we went back to our hotel, and if there were not already more than enough of description, both past and to come, i should describe george's square, on one side of which the hotel is situated. a tall column rises in the grassy centre of it, lifting far into the upper air a fine statue of sir walter scott, which we saw to great advantage last night, relieved against the sunset sky; and there are statues of sir john moore, a native of glasgow, and of james watt, at corners of the square. glasgow is certainly a noble city.

after lunch we embarked on board the steamer, and came up the clyde. ben lomond, and other highland hills, soon appeared on the horizon; we passed douglas castle on a point of land projecting into the river; and, passing under the precipitous height of dumbarton castle, which we had long before seen, came to our voyage's end at this village, where we have put up at the elephant hotel.

july 2d.—after tea, not far from seven o'clock, it being a beautiful decline of day, we set out to walk to

dumbarton castle,

which stands apart from the town, and is said to have been once surrounded by the waters of the clyde. the rocky height on which the castle stands is a very striking object, bulging up out of the clyde, with abrupt decision, to the elevation of five hundred feet. the summit is cloven in twain, the cleft reaching nearly to the bottom on the side towards the river, but not coming down so deeply on the landward side. it is precipitous all around; and wherever the steepness admits, or does not make assault impossible, there are gray ramparts round the hill, with cannon threatening the lower world. our path led its beneath one of these precipices several hundred feet sheer down, and with an ivied fragment of ruined wall at the top. a soldier who sat by the wayside told us that this was called the "lover's leap," because a young girl, in some love-exigency, had once jumped down from it, and came safely to the bottom. we reached the castle gate, which is near the shore of the clyde, and there found another artillery soldier, who guided us through the fortress. he said that there were now but about a dozen soldiers stationed in the castle, and no officer.

the lowest battery looks towards the river, and consists of a few twelve-pound cannon; but probably the chief danger of attack was from the land, and the chief pains have been taken to render the castle defensible in that quarter. there are flights of stone stairs ascending up through the natural avenue, in the cleft of the double-summited rock; and about midway there is an arched doorway, beneath which there used to be a portcullis,—so that if an enemy had won the lower part of the fortress, the upper portion was still inaccessible. where the cleft of the rock widens into a gorge, there are several buildings, old, but not appertaining to the ancient castle, which has almost entirely disappeared. we ascended both summits, and, reaching the loftiest point on the right, stood upon the foundation of a tower that dates back to the fifth century, whence we had a glorious prospect of highlands and lowlands; the chief object being ben lomond, with its great dome, among a hundred other blue and misty hills, with the sun going down over them; and, in another direction, the clyde, winding far downward through the plain, with the headland of dumbeck close at hand, and douglas castle at no great distance. on the ramparts beneath us the soldier pointed out the spot where wallace scaled the wall, climbing an apparently inaccessible precipice, and taking the castle. the principal parts of the ancient castle appear to have been on the other and lower summit of the hill, and thither we now went, and traced the outline of its wall, although none of it is now remaining. here is the magazine, still containing some powder, and here is a battery of eighteen-pound guns, with pyramids of balls, all in readiness against an assault; which, however, hardly any turn of human affairs can hereafter bring about. the appearance of a fortress is kept up merely for ceremony's sake; and these cannon have grown antiquated. moreover, as the soldier told us, they are seldom or never fired, even for purposes of rejoicing or salute, because their thunder produces the singular effect of depriving the garrison of water. there is a large tank, and the concussion causes the rifts of the stone to open, and thus lets the water out. above this battery, and elsewhere about the fortress, there are warders' turrets of stone, resembling great pepper-boxes. when dr. johnson visited the castle, he introduced his bulky person into one of these narrow receptacles, and found it difficult to get out again. a gentleman who accompanied him was just stepping forward to offer his assistance, but boswell whispered him to take no notice, lest johnson should be offended; so they left him to get out as he could. he did finally extricate himself, else we might have seen his skeleton in the turret. boswell does not tell this story, which seems to have been handed down by local tradition.

the less abrupt declivities of the rock are covered with grass, and afford food for a few sheep, who scamper about the heights, and seem to have attained the dexterity of goats in clambering. i never knew a purer air than this seems to be, nor a lovelier golden sunset.

descending into the gorge again, we went into the armory, which is in one of the buildings occupying the space between the two hill-tops. it formerly contained a large collection of arms; but these have been removed to the tower of london, and there are now only some tattered banners, of which i do not know the history, and some festoons of pistols, and grenades, shells, and grape and canister shot, kept merely as curiosities; and, far more interesting than the above, a few battle-axes, daggers, and spear-heads from the field of bannockburn; and, more interesting still, the sword of william wallace. it is a formidable-looking weapon, made for being swayed with both hands, and, with its hilt on the floor, reached about to my chin; but the young girl who showed us the armory said that about nine inches had been broken off the point. the blade was not massive, but somewhat thin, compared with its great length; and i found that i could blandish it, using both hands, with perfect ease. it is two-edged, without any gaps, and is quite brown and lustreless with old rust, from point to hilt.

these were all the memorables of our visit to dumbarton castle, which is a most interesting spot, and connected with a long series of historical events. it was first besieged by the danes, and had a prominent share in all the warfare of scotland, so long as the old warlike times and manners lasted. our soldier was very intelligent and courteous, but, as usual with these guides, was somewhat apocryphal in his narrative; telling us that mary, queen of scots, was confined here before being taken to england, and that the cells in which she then lived are still extant, under one of the ramparts. the fact is, she was brought here when a child of six years old, before going to france, and doubtless scrambled up and down these heights as freely and merrily as the sheep we saw.

we now returned to our hotel, a very nice one, and found the street of dumbarton all alive in the summer evening with the sports of children and the gossip of grown people. there was almost no night, for at twelve o'clock there was still a golden daylight, and yesterday, before it died, must have met the morrow.

in the lower part of the fortress there is a large sun-dial of stone, which was made by a french officer imprisoned here during the peninsular war. it still numbers faithfully the hours that are sunny, and it is a lasting memorial of him, in the stronghold of his enemies.