june 28th.—on the 26th my wife, j——-, and i left southport, taking the train for preston, and as we had to stop an hour or two before starting for carlisle, i walked up into the town. the street through which most of my walk lay was brick-built, lively, bustling, and not particularly noteworthy; but, turning a little way down another street, the town had a more ancient aspect. the day was intensely hot, the sun lying bright and broad as ever i remember it in an american city; so that i was glad to get back again to the shade and shelter of the station. the heat and dust, moreover, made our journey to carlisle very uncomfortable. it was through very pretty, and sometimes picturesque scenery, being on the confines of the hill-country, which we could see on our left, dim and blue; and likewise we had a refreshing breath from the sea in passing along the verge of morecambe bay. we reached carlisle at about five o'clock, and, after taking tea at the bush hotel, set forth to look at the town.

the notable objects were a castle and a cathedral; and we first found our way to the castle, which stands on elevated ground, on the side of the city towards scotland. a broad, well-constructed path winds round the castle at the base of the wall, on the verge of a steep descent to the plain beneath, through which winds the river eden. along this path we walked quite round the castle, a circuit of perhaps half a mile,— pleasant, being shaded by the castle's height and by the foliage of trees. the walls have been so much rebuilt and restored that it is only here and there that we see an old buttress, or a few time-worn stones intermixed with the new facing with which the aged substance is overlaid. the material is red freestone, which seems to be very abundant in this part of the country. we found no entrance to the castle till the path had led us from the free and airy country into a very mean part of the town, where the wretched old houses thrust themselves between us and the castle wall, and then, passing through a narrow street, we walked up what appeared like a by-lane, and the portal of the castle was before us. there was a sentry-box just within the gate, and a sentinel was on guard, for carlisle castle is a national fortress, and has usually been a depot for arms and ammunition. the sergeant, or corporal of the guard, sat reading within the gateway, and, on my request for admittance, he civilly appointed one of the soldiers to conduct us to the castle. as i recollect, the chief gateway of the castle, with the guard-room in the thickness of the wall, is situated some twenty yards behind the first entrance where we met the sentinel.

it was an intelligent young soldier who showed as round the castle, and very civil, as i always find soldiers to be. he had not anything particularly interesting to show, nor very much to say about it; and what he did say, so far as it referred to the history of the castle, was probably apocryphal.

the castle has an inner and outer ward on the descent of the hill; and included within the circuit of the exterior wall. having been always occupied by soldiers, it has not been permitted to assume the picturesque aspect of a ruin, but the buildings of the interior have either been constantly repaired, as they required it, or have been taken down when past repair. we saw a small part of the tower where mary, queen of scots, was confined on her first coming to england; these remains consist only of a portion of a winding stone staircase, at which we glanced through a window. the keep is very large and massive, and, no doubt, old in its inner substance. we ascended to the castle walls, and looked out over the river towards the scottish hills, which are visible in the distance,—the scottish border being not more than eight or nine miles off. carlisle castle has stood many sieges, and witnessed many battles under its walls. there are now, on its ramparts, only some half a dozen old-fashioned guns, which our soldier told us had gone quite out of use in these days. they were long iron twelve-pounders, with one or two carronades. the soldier was of an artillery regiment, and wore the crimean medal. he said the garrison now here consists only of about twenty men, all of whom had served in the crimea, like himself. they seem to lead a very dull and monotonous life, as indeed it must be, without object or much hope, or any great employment of the present, like prisoners, as indeed they are. our guide showed us on the rampart a place where the soldiers had been accustomed to drop themselves down at night, hanging by their hands from the top of the wall, and alighting on their feet close beside the path on the outside. the height seemed at least that of an ordinary house, but the soldier said that nine times out of ten the fall might be ventured without harm; and he spoke from experience, having himself got out of the castle in this manner. the place is now boarded up, so as to make egress difficult or impossible.

the castle, after all, was not particularly worth seeing. the soldier's most romantic story was of a daughter of lord scroope, a former governor of the castle, when mary of scotland was confined here. she attempted to assist the queen in escaping, but was shot dead in the gateway by the warder; and the soldier pointed out the very spot where the poor young lady fell and died;—all which would be very interesting were there a word of truth in the story. but we liked our guide for his intelligence, simplicity, and for the pleasure which he seemed to take, as an episode of his dull daily life, in talking to strangers. he observed that the castle walls were solid, and, indeed, there was breadth enough to drive a coach and four along the top; but the artillery of the crimea would have shelled them into ruins in a very few hours. when we got back to the guard-house, he took us inside, and showed the dismal and comfortless rooms where soldiers are confined for drunkenness, and other offences against military laws, telling us that he himself had been confined there, and almost perished with cold. i should not much wonder if he were to get into durance again, through misuse of the fee which i put into his hand at parting.

the cathedral is at no great distance from the castle; and though the streets are mean and sordid in the vicinity, the close has the antique repose and shadowy peace, at once domestic and religious, which seem peculiar and universal in cathedral closes. the foundation of this cathedral church is very ancient, it having been the church portion of an old abbey, the refectory and other remains of which are still seen around the close. but the whole exterior of the building, except here and there a buttress, and one old patch of gray stones, seems to have been renewed within a very few years with red freestone; and, really, i think it is all the more beautiful for being new,—the ornamental parts being so sharply cut, and the stone, moreover, showing various shadings, which will disappear when it gets weatherworn. there is a very large and fine east window, of recent construction, wrought with delicate stone tracery. the door of the south transept stood open, though barred by an iron grate. we looked in, and saw a few monuments on the wall, but found nobody to give us admittance. the portal of this entrance is very lovely with wreaths of stone foliage and flowers round the arch, recently carved; yet not so recently but that the swallows have given their sanction to it, as if it were a thousand years old, and have built their nests in the deeply carved recesses. while we were looking, a little bird flew into the small opening between two of these petrified flowers, behind which was his nest, quite out of sight. after some attempts to find the verger, we went back to the hotel. . . .

in the morning my wife and j——- went back to see the interior of the cathedral, while i strayed at large about the town, again passing round the castle site, and thence round the city, where i found some inconsiderable portions of the wall which once girt it about. it was market-day in carlisle, and the principal streets were much thronged with human life and business on that account; and in as busy a street as any stands a marble statue, in robes of antique state, fitter for a niche in westminster abbey than for the thronged street of a town. it is a statue of the earl of lonsdale, lord lieutenant of cumberland, who died about twenty years ago.

[here follows the record of the visits to the "haunts of burns," already published in our old home.—ed.]