they soon found traces of taras. an army of a hundred and twenty thousand cossacks appeared on the frontier of the ukraine. this was no small detachment sallying forth for plunder or in pursuit of the tatars. no: the whole nation had risen, for the measure of the people’s patience was over-full; they had risen to avenge the disregard of their rights, the dishonourable humiliation of themselves, the insults to the faith of their fathers and their sacred customs, the outrages upon their church, the excesses of the foreign nobles, the disgraceful domination of the jews on christian soil, and all that had aroused and deepened the stern hatred of the cossacks for a long time past. hetman ostranitza, young, but firm in mind, led the vast cossack force. beside him was seen his old and experienced friend and counsellor, gunya. eight leaders led bands of twelve thousand men each. two osauls and a bunchuzhniy assisted the hetman. a cornet-general carried the chief standard, whilst many other banners and standards floated in the air; and the comrades of the staff bore the golden staff of the hetman, the symbol of his office. there were also many other officials belonging to the different bands, the baggage train and the main force with detachments of infantry and cavalry. there were almost as many free cossacks and volunteers as there were registered cossacks. the cossacks had risen everywhere. they came from tchigirin, from pereyaslaf, from baturin, from glukhof, from the regions of the lower dnieper, and from all its upper shores and islands. an uninterrupted stream of horses and herds of cattle stretched across the plain. and among all these cossacks, among all these bands, one was the choicest; and that was the band led by taras bulba. all contributed to give him an influence over the others: his advanced years, his experience and skill in directing an army, and his bitter hatred of the foe. his unsparing fierceness and cruelty seemed exaggerated even to the cossacks. his grey head dreamed of naught save fire and sword, and his utterances at the councils of war breathed only annihilation.

it is useless to describe all the battles in which the cossacks distinguished themselves, or the gradual courses of the campaign. all this is set down in the chronicles. it is well known what an army raised on russian soil, for the orthodox faith, is like. there is no power stronger than faith. it is threatening and invincible like a rock, and rising amidst the stormy, ever-changing sea. from the very bottom of the sea it rears to heaven its jagged sides of firm, impenetrable stone. it is visible from everywhere, and looks the waves straight in the face as they roll past. and woe to the ship which is dashed against it! its frame flies into splinters, everything in it is split and crushed, and the startled air re-echoes the piteous cries of the drowning.

in the pages of the chronicles there is a minute description of how the polish garrisons fled from the freed cities; how the unscrupulous jewish tavern-keepers were hung; how powerless was the royal hetman, nikolai pototzky, with his numerous army, against this invincible force; how, routed and pursued, he lost the best of his troops by drowning in a small stream; how the fierce cossack regiments besieged him in the little town of polon; and how, reduced to extremities, he promised, under oath, on the part of the king and the government, its full satisfaction to all, and the restoration of all their rights and privileges. but the cossacks were not men to give way for this. they already knew well what a polish oath was worth. and pototzky would never more have pranced on his six-thousand ducat horse from the kabardei, attracting the glances of distinguished ladies and the envy of the nobility; he would never more have made a figure in the diet, by giving costly feasts to the senators — if the russian priests who were in the little town had not saved him. when all the popes, in their brilliant gold vestments, went out to meet the cossacks, bearing the holy pictures and the cross, with the bishop himself at their head, crosier in hand and mitre on his head, the cossacks all bowed their heads and took off their caps. to no one lower than the king himself would they have shown respect at such an hour; but their daring fell before the church of christ, and they honoured their priesthood. the hetman and leaders agreed to release pototzky, after having extracted from him a solemn oath to leave all the christian churches unmolested, to forswear the ancient enmity, and to do no harm to the cossack forces. one leader alone would not consent to such a peace. it was taras. he tore a handful of hair from his head, and cried:

“hetman and leaders! commit no such womanish deed. trust not the lyakhs; slay the dogs!”

when the secretary presented the agreement, and the hetman put his hand to it, taras drew a genuine damascene blade, a costly turkish sabre of the finest steel, broke it in twain like a reed, and threw the two pieces far away on each side, saying, “farewell! as the two pieces of this sword will never reunite and form one sword again, so we, comrades, shall nevermore behold each other in this world. remember my parting words.” as he spoke his voice grew stronger, rose higher, and acquired a hitherto unknown power; and his prophetic utterances troubled them all. “before the death hour you will remember me! do you think that you have purchased peace and quiet? do you think that you will make a great show? you will make a great show, but after another fashion. they will flay the skin from your head, hetman, they will stuff it with bran, and long will it be exhibited at fairs. neither will you retain your heads, gentles. you will be thrown into damp dungeons, walled about with stone, if they do not boil you alive in cauldrons like sheep. and you, men,” he continued, turning to his followers, “which of you wants to die his true death? not through sorrows and the ale-house; but an honourable cossack death, all in one bed, like bride and groom? but, perhaps, you would like to return home, and turn infidels, and carry polish priests on your backs?”

“we will follow you, noble leader, we will follow you!” shouted all his band, and many others joined them.

“if it is to be so, then follow me,” said taras, pulling his cap farther over his brows. looking menacingly at the others, he went to his horse, and cried to his men, “let no one reproach us with any insulting speeches. now, hey there, men! we’ll call on the catholics.” and then he struck his horse, and there followed him a camp of a hundred waggons, and with them many cossack cavalry and infantry; and, turning, he threatened with a glance all who remained behind, and wrath was in his eye. the band departed in full view of all the army, and taras continued long to turn and glower.

the hetman and leaders were uneasy; all became thoughtful, and remained silent, as though oppressed by some heavy foreboding. not in vain had taras prophesied: all came to pass as he had foretold. a little later, after the treacherous attack at kaneva, the hetman’s head was mounted on a stake, together with those of many of his officers.

and what of taras? taras made raids all over poland with his band, burned eighteen towns and nearly forty churches, and reached cracow. he killed many nobles, and plundered some of the richest and finest castles. the cossacks emptied on the ground the century-old mead and wine, carefully hoarded up in lordly cellars; they cut and burned the rich garments and equipments which they found in the wardrobes. “spare nothing,” was the order of taras. the cossacks spared not the black-browed gentlewomen, the brilliant, white-bosomed maidens: these could not save themselves even at the altar, for taras burned them with the altar itself. snowy hands were raised to heaven from amid fiery flames, with piteous shrieks which would have moved the damp earth itself to pity and caused the steppe-grass to bend with compassion at their fate. but the cruel cossacks paid no heed; and, raising the children in the streets upon the points of their lances, they cast them also into the flames.

“this is a mass for the soul of ostap, you heathen lyakhs,” was all that taras said. and such masses for ostap he had sung in every village, until the polish government perceived that taras’s raids were more than ordinary expeditions for plunder; and pototzky was given five regiments, and ordered to capture him without fail.

six days did the cossacks retreat along the by-roads before their pursuers; their horses were almost equal to this unchecked flight, and nearly saved them. but this time pototzky was also equal to the task intrusted to him; unweariedly he followed them, and overtook them on the bank of the dniester, where taras had taken possession of an abandoned and ruined castle for the purpose of resting.

on the very brink of the dniester it stood, with its shattered ramparts and the ruined remnants of its walls. the summit of the cliff was strewn with ragged stones and broken bricks, ready at any moment to detach themselves. the royal hetman, pototzky, surrounded it on the two sides which faced the plain. four days did the cossacks fight, tearing down bricks and stones for missiles. but their stones and their strength were at length exhausted, and taras resolved to cut his way through the beleaguering forces. and the cossacks would have cut their way through, and their swift steeds might again have served them faithfully, had not taras halted suddenly in the very midst of their flight, and shouted, “halt! my pipe has dropped with its tobacco: i won’t let those heathen lyakhs have my pipe!” and the old hetman stooped down, and felt in the grass for his pipe full of tobacco, his inseparable companion on all his expeditions by sea and land and at home.

but in the meantime a band of lyakhs suddenly rushed up, and seized him by the shoulders. he struggled with all might; but he could not scatter on the earth, as he had been wont to do, the heydukes who had seized him. “oh, old age, old age!” he exclaimed: and the stout old cossack wept. but his age was not to blame: nearly thirty men were clinging to his arms and legs.

“the raven is caught!” yelled the lyakhs. “we must think how we can show him the most honour, the dog!” they decided, with the permission of the hetman, to burn him alive in the sight of all. there stood hard by a leafless tree, the summit of which had been struck by lightning. they fastened him with iron chains and nails driven through his hands high up on the trunk of the tree, so that he might be seen from all sides; and began at once to place fagots at its foot. but taras did not look at the wood, nor did he think of the fire with which they were preparing to roast him: he gazed anxiously in the direction whence his cossacks were firing. from his high point of observation he could see everything as in the palm of his hand.

“take possession, men,” he shouted, “of the hillock behind the wood: they cannot climb it!” but the wind did not carry his words to them. “they are lost, lost!” he said in despair, and glanced down to where the water of the dniester glittered. joy gleamed in his eyes. he saw the sterns of four boats peeping out from behind some bushes; exerted all the power of his lungs, and shouted in a ringing tone, “to the bank, to the bank, men! descend the path to the left, under the cliff. there are boats on the bank; take all, that they may not catch you.”

this time the breeze blew from the other side, and his words were audible to the cossacks. but for this counsel he received a blow on the head with the back of an axe, which made everything dance before his eyes.

the cossacks descended the cliff path at full speed, but their pursuers were at their heels. they looked: the path wound and twisted, and made many detours to one side. “comrades, we are trapped!” said they. all halted for an instant, raised their whips, whistled, and their tatar horses rose from the ground, clove the air like serpents, flew over the precipice, and plunged straight into the dniester. two only did not alight in the river, but thundered down from the height upon the stones, and perished there with their horses without uttering a cry. but the cossacks had already swum shoreward from their horses, and unfastened the boats, when the lyakhs halted on the brink of the precipice, astounded by this wonderful feat, and thinking, “shall we jump down to them, or not?”

one young colonel, a lively, hot-blooded soldier, own brother to the beautiful pole who had seduced poor andrii, did not reflect long, but leaped with his horse after the cossacks. he made three turns in the air with his steed, and fell heavily on the rocks. the sharp stones tore him in pieces; and his brains, mingled with blood, bespattered the shrubs growing on the uneven walls of the precipice.

when taras bulba recovered from the blow, and glanced towards the dniester, the cossacks were already in the skiffs and rowing away. balls were showered upon them from above but did not reach them. and the old hetman’s eyes sparkled with joy.

“farewell, comrades!” he shouted to them from above; “remember me, and come hither again next spring and make merry in the same fashion! what! cursed lyakhs, have ye caught me? think ye there is anything in the world that a cossack fears? wait; the time will come when ye shall learn what the orthodox russian faith is! already the people scent it far and near. a czar shall arise from russian soil, and there shall not be a power in the world which shall not submit to him!” but fire had already risen from the fagots; it lapped his feet, and the flame spread to the tree. . . . but can any fire, flames, or power be found on earth which are capable of overpowering russian strength?

broad is the river dniester, and in it are many deep pools, dense reed-beds, clear shallows and little bays; its watery mirror gleams, filled with the melodious plaint of the swan, the proud wild goose glides swiftly over it; and snipe, red-throated ruffs, and other birds are to be found among the reeds and along the banks. the cossacks rowed swiftly on in the narrow double-ruddered boats — rowed stoutly, carefully shunning the sand bars, and cleaving the ranks of the birds, which took wing — rowed, and talked of their hetman.