i shall have attained my purpose if these sketches should produce any degree of conviction that man, in exercising his faculties, can mitigate his pains and multiply his pleasures, and, consequently, should serve as the outlines of a plan for reducing the pursuit of happiness to an art. i am aware that no view could be offered more contrary to the prevalent opinions in society. the morose and the frivolous make common cause to attack it. to[177] them the very idea seems absurd; and the most indulgent among them question the good faith of him who announces it.[62]

to such grave and learned authorities, and more, even to the general suffrage against it, i might dare to oppose counterbalancing authorities. from socrates to franklin, i see philosophers who have been persuaded that man may be directed in the art, and instructed in the science of happiness; and that his faculties may be enlarged to pursue it. who are the men that have entertained this persuasion? the very elite of the human race. was each individual of them surrounded by those happy circumstances which would naturally inspire the same philosophy? they were persons who had experienced all the conditions of life. as if nature had studied to prove, by great examples, that our happiness depends upon our reason more than upon our circumstances, epictetus lived in chains, and marcus aurelius on a throne.

we justly render homage to the greek philosophers. is their glory founded on their physics, long since known to be full of errors, or their metaphysics, often puerile? upon neither; but they have merited the veneration of ages by indicating principles, the practice of which, would render us better and more happy.

which of the sciences did the admirable socrates chiefly esteem? the single one which teaches us how to live as we ought. let it not be said that i substitute one science for another; and that socrates taught morals, and not my pretended science of happiness. with the greeks, morals had a perfectly definite end. their philosophers held all their teaching subservient to conducting their disciples to happiness. illustrious men![178] we disdain their maxims, but still revere their names. what fruit have we obtained from the boasted light and improvement of the age? we speak with enthusiasm of those sciences which they judged frivolous; and we treat as chimerical those studies which they judged alone worthy of human nature.

suppose it had been said to these philosophers, ‘you will never reform the human race; and, instead of profitless dreams about wisdom and happiness, you ought to desist from subjects so futile, and consecrate your vigils to sciences more worthy to occupy your thoughts.’ would they not have smiled with pity upon such counsel? had they deigned to reply, would they not have said, ‘we are well aware that we shall not purify the heart of the wicked of its pride, envy, cupidity; but shall we derive no glory from having confirmed some good men in their career? in the midst of storms we felt our energies invigorated as we perceived that our spirits were in accordance with theirs. however feeble may have been the influence of our writings, affront not humanity by supposing that ours, however partial may have been their circulation, will, nowhere, find minds worthy to profit by them. perhaps they will kindle the holy love of virtue in some of those who may read them in the youthful age of unsophisticated and generous resolutions. few, who read, will practise our doctrine in all its extent. almost every one will be indebted to it for some solitary principles. it is possible we may never have numerous disciples. but we shall have some in all countries and in all time. it is a truth that ought to satisfy us, that such discussions are based neither upon exaggeration nor revery. the[179] science of happiness would indeed be chimerical if we expected that it would impart the same charms to all predicaments in which our lot might cast us. instead of indulging such visionary hopes, if these discussions dissipate the errors which veil the true good from our eyes, if we learn to bring together all the easy and innocent pleasures, and to render the painful moments of life more rapid, we have been taught an art which it is possible to demonstrate and improve to an indefinite extent.’

does this art appear difficult? let any one be named which it exacts no effort to acquire. will it be thought that it cannot become of general utility? will professors, of the highest reputation, cease to teach eloquence because they do not form as many orators as they have pupils? the more maturely i have reflected upon the art in question, the more clearly i am convinced that it may be assimilated to the other arts. it differs from them only in its superior importance. the interest and attention that all the rest merit should be measured only by their relation, more or less direct, to this first of all arts. to settle the utility of any science, law, enterprise, or action, i know no better measure than to note its influence on human happiness.

if moral lessons leave but a transient influence, it may be attributed to two principal causes; the weakness of our nature, and the contagion of example. a third belongs to those who teach us the doctrine of morals, and is found in their exaggeration of their doctrine. they elevate the altar of wisdom upon steep mountains; and discourage our first steps, by proclaiming the painful efforts necessary to scale them. from the sadness of the[180] ministers of the worship, it would not be inferred, that the divinity of the place was liberal in dispensing pure pleasures, bright hopes, oblivion of pain, and remembrances almost as pleasant as either.

it is a fatal error to imagine that it is useful to exaggerate the doctrine of morals. to do this, fails not to excite disgust towards the precepts inculcated. men, that have been deceived upon these points, as soon as they judge for themselves, in their impatience to shake off the yoke of prejudices, are tempted to reject principles the most wise with those errors by which they have been misled. that we may be heard and followed, let us be true. let us present, with force, the evils which the abuse of our faculties brings upon our short career.—let us avow with equal frankness, that we commit an egregious mistake, if we refuse, or neglect to draw from our faculties all the advantages in our power, to embellish life.

the doctrine of morals is a phrase that has been often employed to designate the propagation of false and extravagant principles. for this phrase, which is too worn out, and of equivocal import, suppose we substitute a definition, which will clearly indicate the end, towards which, morals ought to be directed. morals is that which teaches the art of happiness. if it be not so, the foundation of ethics is a mere matter of convention, either useless or dangerous.

morals should be taught only as subservient to happiness. austerity should be banished equally from the manner of teaching and from the matter that is taught.—they are the useful teachers, whose tenderness of heart impels them rather to inspire virtue than to enjoin it; and[181] whose brilliant imagination enables them to offer wise principles under such pleasant forms as charm the mind and awaken curiosity. if i were to point to one of the best works on morals, according to my judgment, i would name ‘the vicar of wakefield.’ to present a family struggling with every form of misfortune, and constantly opposing resignation or courage to each, is to offer the sublimest painting that it is possible to execute. the concurrence of genius and virtue could alone have conceived the idea. all good men owe the tribute of gratitude and veneration to the memory of the author.

the concurrent influence of public institutions and education would be necessary to render the general habits conformable to happiness. books, the influence of which i certainly have not exaggerated, may be useful to men, raised by the discipline of their reason above the multitude. that man is happy, who knows how to add good books to the number of his friends, who often retires from the world to enjoy their peaceful and instructive conversation, and always brings back serenity, courage and hope.

were the doctrine true, that it is impossible to increase the happiness or diminish the evils of life, it is not perceived that it would not still be necessary to follow my principles. preach this discouraging doctrine to a good man, and you may afflict him, but will obtain no influence over his conduct. he will always strive to improve his condition, mitigate the sufferings that press upon him, and render men more compassionate and happy. such noble efforts cannot be entirely lost. the pure intentions, the sincere wishes, which he forms for the good[182] of his kind, give to his mind a pleasant serenity. it assures his own happiness to meditate the means of increasing that of others.