by the word tranquillity i designate that state of the mind in which, estranged from the weaknesses of life, it tastes that happy calm which it owes to its own power and elevation. inaccessible to storms, it still admits those emotions which give birth to pure pleasures, and yields to the generous movements which the virtues inspire.[52] tranquillity seems indifference only in the eyes of the vulgar. a delightful consciousness of existence accompanies it. we may meditate with a just pride upon the causes which produce it. without reasoning we respire and enjoy it. it is the appropriate pleasure of the sage.

a pure conscience is the profoundest source of this delightful calm. without it, we shall attempt in vain to veil our faults from ourselves, or to listen only to the voice of adulation. an interior witness must testify that we have sometimes sought occasions to be useful; and that we have always welcomed those who offered us opportunities to do good.

another condition equally necessary is to close the heart against unregulated ambition. i am well aware, in laying down this precept, that i shall be deemed an idle dreamer. if you are convinced beyond argument that there is nothing worth seeking in life but distinctions and honors, you may close my book. if you are ready to receive these brilliant illusions when they come unsought, and return to the repose of your heart should you obtain them not, you may pursue the reading of my lessons.

do not fear that i am about to announce trite truths touching the vices which ambition brings in its train, and the shameful actions and base measures by which it proposes to elevate its aspirant. why should i declaim in common-place against ambition when i have truths to offer so pressing, simple and self-evident?

to consecrate to true enjoyment as many days as possible, to lose in disquieting desires as few moments as we may, these are the elements of my philosophy.[53] the world, on the other hand, incessantly repeats, ‘shine—ascend high places—bind fortune to your chariot wheels;’ the multitude listen, and consume life in tormenting desires which end in disappointment. i say to my disciple, make your pursuit, whatever it be, a source of present enjoyment, and be happy without delay. but the cry of objection reaches me, ‘would you wish him to vegetate in obscurity and never transcend the limits of the narrow circle in which he was born?’ i would have him enjoy the self-respect of conscious usefulness, and taste all the innocent pleasures of the senses, the heart, mind and understanding. farther than these, i see nothing but the miserable inquietudes of vanity. i admit that the pleasures of gratified ambition are high flavored and intoxicating; but compelled to choose among enjoyments which cannot all be tasted together, i balance the delights which they spread over life with the pains which it must cost to obtain them. if i incline to ambition, i must fly privacy and my retreat; and renounce the pleasures which my family, friends and free pursuits daily renew. i must no longer inhabit the paradise of my pleasant dreams. abandoning the simple and sincere enjoyments of obscurity, i abandon repose and independence.

suppose i obtain those honors of which the distant brilliancy dazzles my vision, what destiny can i propose to myself? how long can i enjoy my honors? besieged by incessant alarm, through fear of losing them, how often shall i sigh over the ill-judged exchange by which i bartered peace and privacy for them? number all the truly happy days of the ambitious—they are those in which, forming his projects, and, in his imagination,[54] removing the obstacles that lie in his way, he embellishes his career with the illusions of his fancy. too often the desired objects, which in the distance glittered in his eyes, resemble those paintings which, seen from afar, present enchanting scenery, but offer only revolting views when beheld close at hand.

i wish to avoid the usual exaggeration upon these subjects. moralists deceive us when painting the contrast between the virtues and the vices; they assign unmingled felicity to the one, and absolute misery to the other. i am sensible that even in his deepest inquietudes, and notwithstanding his desires and regrets, the votary of ambition still has his moments of intoxicating pleasure. it is not this alone, but happiness we seek. if we wish only to toil up the heights of ambition to enjoy the dignities of the summit, counsels are useless. if we ask for nothing more than pleasures, they may be varied to infinity, and be found pervading all situations in forms appropriate to all characters. this hypocrite, that victim of envy, yonder miser, do they experience, the moralist will ask, nothing but torment? mark the misanthrope who incessantly repeats that in a world peopled with perverse beings and malign spirits, existence is an odious burden. this man, notwithstanding, finds his pleasures in a world which he affects so to detest. every invective which he throws out against it, is a eulogy reflected back upon himself. he rises in his own estimation in proportion as he debases others, and finds in himself all the qualities which he makes them want. does he meet with a partisan of his principles? how delightful for two misanthropes to communicate their discoveries, and to make a joint war of sarcasm upon the[55] human race! does he find an antagonist? he experiences a charm in controverting him. besides, as in vilifying human nature, no one can want either facts or arguments to present it in hues sufficiently dark, in the complacency of conscious triumph, he terminates his war of words.

the votary of ambition not only has pleasures which are often dazzling, but perhaps enjoyments not within the ordinary ken, which require profound observation. the ardent aspiration after success gives a charm to efforts in the struggle which would otherwise present only unmixed bitterness. acts in themselves vile, ridiculous, or revolting, contemplated as means essential to a proposed end, lose their meanness and tendency to lessen self-respect. it is possible, in this view, that even extraordinary humiliations may inspire the ambitious with a sort of pride, in the consciousness that he has strength to stoop to them for his purposes. in fine, it is too true that pleasure may be found in the most capricious aberrations, the most shameful vices, and the most atrocious crimes.

it will be seen that i abandon most of the trite declamation against ambition. i touch not on its long inquietudes, its inevitable torments, exacerbated a hundred fold, if their victim preserve degrees of mental elevation and remains of moral sentiment. life passes pleasantly among men who have just views, upright hearts and frank manners, the true elements of greatness and enjoyment. surrounded by such minds, we respire, as it were, a free and an empyrean atmosphere. yield yourself to the empire of ambition; and in all countries, and in all time, you condemn yourself to live surrounded by greedy, unquiet, false and vindictive intriguers, gnashing[56] their teeth at all success in which they had no agency. all that encircle you unite insolence and baseness.

those who envy authority and office are worthy of commiseration. men in power are happy, they think. they have but to wish, and it is accomplished. the epitaph of the swedish minister is sublime, and the index of a great truth. he had run the career of power and fortune with success. when near the period of his death, he ordered this inscription for his tomb: tandem felix. at last i am happy.

we never leave the society of the great as we entered it. we have become either better or more perverse. inexperience is easily dazzled with the superficial splendor. for a man of disciplined mind and a character of energy, it is the most useful of schools. here he tests and confirms his principles. here he observes, sometimes with terror, sometimes with disgust, the melancholy results of the seductive passions. he here sees those who seem to have reached all their aims enjoying the repose of happy privacy. i anticipate the objection, ‘that this is all absurdity; that not one will be so convinced of his misery as to resign his power and descend from his elevation to that obscurity for which he sighs.’ i believe it; and i see in this a deeper shade in his misery. he has so long experienced the pernicious excitement of this splendid torment, that he can no longer exist in repose.

such is the lot of erring humanity, that the world naturally associates glory and happiness with ambition, and sees not that the association is formed by our own mental feebleness. to rise above vulgar errors and the common train of thinking, to form sage principles, and, still more, to have the courage and decision to follow[57] them, this is the proof of real force of character. but, to feel the need of dazzling the vulgar, to be willing to creep in order to rise, to struggle and dispute for trinkets, this is the common standard by which the multitude estimate a great mind.

philosophers are accused of having presented grandeur under an unfavorable aspect in order to console themselves for not having enjoyed it. history reads us another lesson. aristotle instructed the son of philip. plato was received at the courts of kings. cicero received the title of ‘father of his country’ by a decree of the senate. boethius, thrice clad with the consular purple, when his locks were hoary, was dragged to a dungeon. he wrote ‘the consolations inspired by philosophy,’ and laid down his book at the foot of the scaffold. marcus aurelius honored the throne of the world by those modest virtues which shone still brighter in obscurity. fenelon was raised to the highest dignities only to experience their bitterness, and, like his great predecessor, to owe his glory and his happy days only to wisdom and retirement. franklin will be remembered in all time, not as the governor, legislator and ambassador, but as having trained himself to his admirable philosophy of common sense amidst the laborious occupations of a printer.

the certainty of acquiring the self-respect of conscious usefulness, a certainty which the great can seldom have, ought alone to determine a wise man to quit his obscurity. but if the emoluments and honors of a high station seduce us, let us value our independence and let us not exchange treasures for tinsel.

we have freedom to avoid every culpable action, and[58] to contemplate with pity the chimeras of ambition. let us see if in misfortune we can preserve tranquillity of mind.