the physical, organic and moral laws.

in relation to this most important subject, read combe on the constitution of man, a book, which i consider admirable for its broad, philosophic, and just views of the laws of the universe, in their bearing upon the constitution of our physical and moral nature. you are not unaware, that i had presented you similar views, and inculcated the same master principles, long before this excellent work was published. thousands, in all ages, have entertained the same extended conceptions of the divine plan, and its bearing upon man and all beings, upon this and all other worlds. but the honor belongs to this author, to have given form and systematic arrangement to these views. i have given my[9] thoughts upon this subject at the commencement of my letters, and have subjoined remarks upon the christian religion at the close, because i deem that m. droz, in not recurring to these fundamental principles at the beginning of his work, and in dwelling with so little earnestness upon the hope of the gospel, as an element of happiness, at the close, has left chasms in it which ought to be supplied.

the sect, numerous in my day, in yours, i trust, will have disappeared, who hold that religion and philosophy are militant and irreconcilable principles. such persons are accustomed to brand these broad views of providence and moral obligation with the odium of impiety. you will hardly need my assurance, that, if i thought with them, my right hand should forget its cunning, before i would allow anything to escape my pen which might have the least tendency to impair in your minds the future and eternal sanctions of virtue. i shall hereafter enlarge upon my persuasion, that, so far from being in opposition, religion and philosophy, when rightly understood, will be found resting on the same immutable foundation. it is because the misguided friends of religion have attempted to sustain them, as separate and hostile interests, in my view, that the former has made so little progress towards becoming universal. it will one day be understood, that whatever wars with reason and common sense, is equally hostile to religion. the simple and unchangeable truths of christianity will be found to violate none of our most obvious convictions. truth will reassume her legitimate reign. piety, religion and morals, our best interests for this life, and our surest preparations for a future one, will be[10] found exactly conformable to the eternal order of things, and the system of the gospel will become universal, according to its legitimate claims. true piety, in my mind, is equally our duty, our wisdom and happiness. to behold god everywhere in his works, to hold communion with him in a contemplative and admiring spirit, to love, and trust him, to find, in the deep and constantly present persuasion of his being and attributes, a sentiment of exhaustless cheerfulness and excitement to duty, i hold to be the source of the purest and sublimest pleasure, that earth can afford.

true philosophy unfolds the design of final causes with a calm and humble wisdom. it finds the creator everywhere, and always acting in wisdom and power. it traces the highest benevolence of intention, where the first aspect showed no apparent purpose, or one that seemed to tend to misery; offering new inducements to learn the first and last lesson of religion, and the ultimate attainment of human wisdom—resignation to the will of god. in vindicating his ways to men, it declares that so long as we do not understand the laws of our being and so long as we transgress them, either ignorantly, or wilfully and unconsciously, misery to ourselves must just as certainly follow as that we can neither resist nor circumvent them; and that the omnipotent has forged every link of the chain, that connects our own unhappiness with every transgression of the laws of our nature.

we find ourselves making a part of an existing universe which neither ignorance, nor wisdom, doubting, nor confidence can alter. if we know the order, of which we are the subjects, and conform to it, we are[11] happy. if we ignorantly, or wilfully transgress it, the order is in no degree changed, or impeded. it moves irresistibly on, and the opposition is crushed. how wisdom and benevolence are reconcilable with the permission of this ignorance and opposition, in other words, why partial evil exists in god’s universe, it is not my object to inquire. the inquiry would not only be fruitless, but would in no degree alter the fact, that what we call evil does exist. it is enough for us to know, that, as far as human research has reached, or can reach, the more profoundly we investigate the subject, the more clearly are design, wisdom and benevolence discoverable. beyond our ken, right reason, guided by humility, would infer, that, where we cannot trace the impress of these attributes, it is not because they are not discoverable, but because our powers are not equal to the discovery. if we had a broader vision, and were more fully acquainted with the relations of all parts of god’s universe, the one to the other, and all the reasons of the permanent ordinances of his government, we should be able to understand the necessity of partial evil to the general good; we should understand, why it rains on the waste ocean, when drought consigns whole countries to aridity and desolation; in a word, why ignorance, transgression, misery and death have a place in our system.

all that we now know is, that the natural laws of this system are universal, invariable, unbending; that physical and moral tendencies are the same all over our world; and we have every reason to believe, over all other worlds. wherever moral beings keep in harmony with these laws, there is no instance, in which happiness is not the result. men never enjoy health, vigor, and felicity in disobedience[12] to them. the whole infinite contrivance of everything above, around, and within us, appears directed to certain benevolent issues; and all the laws of nature are in perfect harmony with the whole constitution of man.

i shall not enter upon the subtle controversies of moral philosophers, as to the fundamental principle of moral obligation, whether it be expediency, the nature of things, or the will of god? in my view these are rather questions about words, than things. the nature of things is a part of the will of god; and expediency is conformity to this unchanging order. an action derives its moral complexion from being conformed to the will of god, and the nature of things; and whatever is so conformed, is expedient; consequently all the different foundations of morals, when examined, are found to be precisely the same.

my notions of morality are, that it is conformity to the physical, organic and moral laws of the universe. some will choose to call it expediency; others, the will of god; and others still, the constitution of things. these views, when reduced to their elements, are the same, call them by what names we may. we may obviously divide these laws into three classes. the first series we call physical laws, or those which act upon the material universe, and upon ourselves as a part of that universe. the second we call organic, or those which regulate the origin, growth, well-being and dissolution of organized beings. the last, denominated moral, act chiefly on the intellectual universe. they are founded on our relations to the sentient universe and god.

we infer from analogy, that these laws always have been, are, and always will be, invariably the same; and[13] that they prevail alike in every portion of god’s universe. we so judge, because we believe the existing order of things to be the wisest and the best. we know that the physical laws actually do prevail alike in every part of our world, and as far beyond it, as the highest helps of astronomy can aid our researches into the depths of immensity. is it not probable, that if we could investigate the system, as far as the utmost stretch of thought, we should find no point, where the laws of gravity, light, heat and motion do not prevail; where the sentient beings are not restricted to the same moral relations, as in our world? wherever the empire of science has extended, we note these laws equally prevalent, in a molecule and a world, and from the lowest order of sentient beings up to man. the arrangement of the great whole, it should seem, must be a single emanation from the same wisdom and will, perfectly uniform throughout the whole empire. what an impressive motive to study these laws, and conform to them, is it, to know, that they are as irresistible, as the divine power, as universal, as the divine presence, as permanent as the divine existence;—that there is no evading them, that no art can disconnect misery from transgressing them, that no change of place or time, that not death, nor any transformation which our conscious being can undergo, will, during the revolutions of eternity, dispense any more with the necessity of observing these laws, than during our present transitory existence in clay!

i need not dwell a moment upon the proofs of the absolute identity of the physical laws. no one need be told, that a ship floats, water descends, heat warms, and cold freezes, and that all physical properties of matter[14] are the same over the globe. we shall only show by a few palpable examples, that our system is arranged in conformity to the organic laws. every discovery in the kingdom of animated nature developes new instances.

in the tropical regions, the muscular energy is less, in proportion as the natural fertility of the soil is greater. in colder latitudes muscular energy is increased; and ruder elements, and a more sterile nature, proportion their claims accordingly. in arctic regions no farinaceous food ripens. sojourners in that climate find, that bread and vegetable diet do not furnish the requisite nutriment; that pure animal food is the only sustenance that will there maintain the tone of the system, imparting a delightful vigor and buoyancy of mind. strange as it may seem, to conform to this necessity, these dreary countries abound in infinite numbers and varieties of animals, fowls and fishes. the climate favors the drying and preserving of animal food, which is thus prepared to sustain the inhabitants, when nature imprisons the material creation in chains of ice, and wraps herself up in her mantle of snow. thus, if we survey the whole globe, the food, climate and other circumstances will be found accommodated to the inhabitants; and they, as far as they conform to the organic laws, will be found adapted to their climate and mode of subsistence.

in all positions man finds himself called upon, by the clear indications of the organic laws, to take that free and cheerful exercise, which is calculated to develope vigorous muscular, nervous and mental action. the laborer digs, and the hunter chases for subsistence; but finds at the same time health and cheerfulness. the penalty of the violation of this organic law by the indulgence[15] of indolence is debility, enfeebled action, both bodily and mental, dyspepsia with all its horrid train, and finally death. on the other hand, the penalty of over exertion, debauchery, intemperance, and excess of every species, comes in other forms of disease and suffering. these laws, though not so obviously and palpably so, are as invariable and inevitable, as those of attraction, or magnetism; and yet the great mass of our species, even in what we call enlightened and educated countries, do not recognise, and obey them. it is in vain for them, that, from age to age, the same consequences have ensued, as the eternal heralds of the divinity, proclaiming to all people, in all languages, that his laws carry their sanctions with them. one of our most imperious duties, then, is to study these laws, to make ourselves conversant with their bearing upon our pursuit of happiness, that we may conform to them. when we have become acquainted with their universality and resistless power, we shall indulge no puerile hope that we may enjoy the present gratification of infringing them, and then evade the ultimate consequences. we shall as soon calculate to change condition with the tenants of the air and the waters, as expect to divert any one of them from its onward course.

he then is wise, who looks round him with a searching eye to become fully possessed, without the coloring of sophistical wishes and self-deceiving expectation, of the actual conditions of his being; and who, instead of imagining, that the unchangeable courses of nature will conform to him, his ignorance, interests or passions, shapes his course so as to conform to them. he will no more expect, for example, that he can indulge his appetites,[16] give scope to his passions, and yield himself to the seductions of life, and escape without a balance of misery in consequence, than he would calculate to throw himself unhurt, from a mountain precipice.

so far as regards himself, he will study the organic laws, in reference to their bearing upon his mind, his health, his morals, his happiness. he will strive to be cheerful; for he knows that it is a part of the constitution of things, that cheerfulness tends to physical and mental health. he will accustom himself to exercise, and will avoid indolence, because he understands that he was formed to be an active being, and that he cannot yield to his slothful propensities, without forfeiting the delightful feeling of energy, and the power to operate upon events, instead of being passively borne along by them. he will be active, that he may feel conscious power. he will rise above the silent and invisible influence of sloth, and will exult in a feeling of force and self-command, for the same reasons that the eagle loves to soar aloft, and look upon the sun; because a sensation of power, and a sublime liberty are enjoyed in the flight. he will be temperate in the gratification of his appetites and passions, because he is aware, that every excessive indulgence strikes a balance of suffering against him, which he must discharge soon, or late; and helps to forge a chain of habit, that will render it more difficult for him to resist the next temptation to indulgence. he will rise early from sleep, because nature calls him to early rising, in all her cheerful voices, in the matin song of birds, the balmy morning freshness and elasticity of the air, and the renovated cry of joy from the whole animal creation. he will do this, because he has early[17] heard complaints from all sides of the shortness of life, and because he is sensible, that he who rises every day two hours before the common period, will prolong the ordinary duration of life by adding six years of the pleasantest part of existence. he will rise early, because next after the intemperate, no human being offers a more unworthy spectacle, than is presented by the man, who calls himself rational and immortal, who sees before him a greater amount of knowledge, duty and happiness, than he could hope to compass in a thousand years; and who yet turns himself indolently from side to side, during the hours of the awakening of nature, enjoying only the luxury of a savage or a brute, in a state of dozing existence little superior to the dreamless sleep of the grave. i test the character of a youth of whom i wish to entertain hope, by this criterion. if he can nobly resist his propensities, if he can act from reason against his inclinations, if he can trample indolence under foot, if he can always make the effort to show the intellectual in the ascendant over the animal being, i note him as one, who will be worthy of eminence, whether he attain it or not.

in a word, there is something of dignity and intellectual grandeur in the aspect of the young, who live in obedience to the organic and moral laws, which commands at once that undefined, and almost unconscious estimation and respect, which all minds involuntarily pay to true greatness. such was the image of the poet, when he delineated the angel severe in youthful beauty; and such that of the mantuan, when he compares neptune rebuking and hushing the winds, to a venerable man,[18] allaying by his words of peace, the uproar of an infuriated populace.

were i to enter into details of your obligations to understand and obey these laws, as they relate to the various periods, pursuits and duties of life, i should offer you a volume, instead of an outline, which, from the examples given, your own thoughts can easily fill out. but that i may not leave these momentous duties wholly untouched, i shall dwell a moment on their bearing upon a most important epoch of life, one which, perhaps more than any other, gives the color to future years either of happiness or misery.

when the young reach that period, when nature invokes them to assume the obligations of connubial life, this knowledge and conformity will cause them to pause, and reflect on what is before them, and will interdict them from following the inconsiderate throng, in entering into that decisive condition, consulting no other lights, than a morbid fancy, those impulses which are common to all other animals, or sordid calculations of interest. they are well apprized, that the declamations of satire, and the bitter and common jest of all civilized people, upon wedded life, have but too much foundation in truth. they perceive at a glance, that those who with such views take on them the obligations of the conjugal state have no right to hope anything better than satiety, ill-humor, monotonous disgust, and the insupportable imprisonment of two persons, in intimate and indissoluble partnership, who find weariness and penance in being together, who are reminded, at once by the void in their hearts, and their mutual inability to fill it, that they must not only endure the pain[19] of being chained together, but feel, that they are thus barred from a happier union, partly by shame, partly by public opinion, and, more than all, by the obstacles, wisely thrown by all civilized nations in the way of obtaining divorce. there can be no doubt, that the common views of the universal unhappiness of the wedded state in all christian countries are the result of gross exaggeration. making all allowances for errors from this source, language is too feeble, to delineate the countless and unutterable miseries, that, in all time since the institution of marriage, as recognised by christianity, have resulted from these incompatible unions, for the simple reason, that, in this transaction, of so much more moment than almost any other, scarcely one of the parties in a thousand, it is believed, takes the least note of it in relation to the organic and moral laws. the young and the aged, the feeble and the strong, the healthy and the diseased, the beautiful and the deformed, the mild and the fierce, the intellectual and the purely animal, the rich and the poor, bring their incompatibilities to a common stock, add ruinous excesses of temperament together, unite under a spell, reckless of the live-long consequences involved, and arouse from a short trance to the conscious and sober sadness of waking misery. to them the hackneyed declamations against marriage have a terrible import. weariness, discontent, ennui, relieved only by the fierceness of domestic discord, and a wretchedness aggravated by the consciousness that there is no escape from it, but by death, is the issue of a union consummated under illusive expectations of more than mortal happiness. how many millions have found this to be the reality of their youthful dreams! yet if this most[20] important union is contracted under animal impulses, without any regard to moral and intellectual considerations, without any investigation of the organic and social fitness of the case, without inquiry into the compatibility, without a mutual understanding of temperament, dispositions, and habits; who cannot foresee, that the propensities will soon languish in satiety; that repentance and discord and disgust and disaffection and loathing, in proportion to the remembered raptures forever passed away, will rudely open the eyes of the parties to their real and permanent condition, and that by a law as certain and inevitable, as that which propels water down a precipice! and this is not the darkest shade in the picture. by the same laws children are born with the doubled excess of the temperaments of their parents; or puny, undeveloped and feeble, or racked by all the fiercer passions of our nature. opening their eyes in this scene, which the guilty thoughtlessness of successive generations has rendered little better than a vast lazar house, evil example, gloom, unregulated tempers, repining and misery are their first and last spectacles. they advance into life to repeat the errors of their parents, to make common stock of their misery anew, to multiply the number of the unhappy, or perhaps worse, to tenant hospitals, and the receptacles of human ignorance and misery.

can any question be imagined in life, in regard to which you ought so deliberately to pause, investigate and weigh all the bearings of the case? and yet can any other important transaction be named, upon which, in this view, so little thought is bestowed, and which is entered into with such reckless blindness to consequences? he, who determines to respect the laws of his being, will study his[21] own temperament, and that of the other party, and weigh the excesses and defects, as one convinced by the general analogy of animated nature, that the physical and mental character, the constitutional and moral temperament of the offspring, in the ordinary course of things, will be a compound of that of the parents. if he find himself subject to any peculiar corporeal infirmity, hereditary tendency to disease, overbearing propensities towards indulgence, or excess, unbalanced passions, or morbid mental obliquity, he will be studiously solicitous, that the other party shall not be laboring under similar disqualifications. i may not follow out the subordinate details. your thoughts cannot but suggest innumerable considerations, that i pass in silence. will any moral being, capable of conscientious views of the ultimate bearing of his actions, dare to treat this subject, all momentous as it is, with unphilosophic levity and ridicule? will any one say, that such discussions ought to be pretermitted by a parent? i affirm, that such are not my notions of the obligations of decorum and propriety. the world has been too long peopled with mere animals bound by the laws, and doomed to the responsibilities of rationality, and yet acting like the orders below them, without a capacity for finding their happiness. if, being men, and inheriting either the privileges, or the doom of men, we will choose to consider ourselves merely as animals, shall we dare to arraign providence, or fill the world with murmurs, if we enjoy not the peculiar pleasures of either race, and are subject to the miseries of both? when you are aware that such considerations must affect not only your own happiness, or misery, but that of your offspring, a whole coming generation, and[22] the hopes of the regeneration and improvement of a world, you will be sensible, that silence in such a discussion would be guilty pride. i perfectly coincide with the conclusions of combe upon this subject, and transcribe for your benefit an admirable exposition of my views from the notes appended to his book on the constitution of man.

‘it is a very common error, not only among philosophers, but among practical men, to imagine that the feelings of the mind are communicated to it through the medium of the intellect; and, in particular, that if no indelicate objects reach the eyes, or expressions penetrate the ears, perfect purity will necessarily reign within the soul; and, carrying this mistake into practice, they are prone to object to all discussion of the subjects treated of under the ‘organic laws,’ in works designed for general use. but their principle of reasoning is fallacious, and the practical result has been highly detrimental to society. the feelings have existence and activity distinct from the intellect; they spur it on to obtain their own gratification; and it may become either their slave or guide, according as it is enlightened concerning their constitution and objects, and the laws of nature to which they are subjected. the most profound philosophers have inculcated this doctrine; and, by phrenological observation, it is demonstrably established. the organs of the feelings are distinct from those of the intellectual faculties; they are larger; and, as each faculty, c?teris paribus, acts with a power proportionate to the size of its organ, the feelings are obviously the active or impelling powers. the cerebellum, or organ of amativeness, is the largest of the whole mental organs; and, being[23] endowed with natural activity, it fills the mind spontaneously with emotions and suggestions which may be directed, controlled and resisted, in outward manifestation, by intellect and moral sentiment, but which cannot be prevented from arising nor eradicated after they exist. the whole question, therefore, resolves itself into this, whether it is most beneficial to enlighten and direct that feeling, or (under the influence of an error in philosophy, and false delicacy founded on it), to permit it to riot in all the fierceness of a blind animal instinct, withdrawn from the eye of reason, but not thereby deprived of its vehemence and importunity. the former course appears to me to be the only one consistent with reason and morality; and i have adopted it in reliance on the good sense of my readers, that they will at once discriminate between practical instruction concerning this feeling, addressed to the intellect, and lascivious representations addressed to the mere propensity itself; with the latter of which the enemies of all improvement may attempt to confound my observations. every function of the mind and body is instituted by the creator; all may be abused; and it is impossible regularly to avoid abuse of them, except by being instructed in their nature, objects, and relations. this instruction ought to be addressed exclusively to the intellect; and when it is so, it is science of the most beneficial description. the propriety, nay, necessity, of acting on this principle, becomes more and more apparent, when it is considered that the discussions of the text suggest only intellectual ideas to individuals in whom the feeling in question is naturally weak, and that such minds perceive no indelicacy in knowledge which is calculated to be useful; while, on the other[24] hand, persons in whom the feeling is naturally strong, are precisely those who stand in need of direction, and to whom, of all others, instruction is the most necessary.’

no art in these days is better understood, by those who have found their interest in investigating the subject, than that of improving the races of the lower animals. every species, upon which the effort has been made, has been found perfectly subservient to the art. the desirable forms and qualities are selected, and the proper means of improvement applied. the wished result is not obtained to its full extent in the first generation; but a uniform approximation commences; and every successive amelioration brings the animal nearer to the requisite standard. the whole art is founded on observation of the organic laws of the races, and the general fact, that the instincts, qualities, temperament, form and color of the animals are hereditary, and transmissible. these are truths so well known, that the grazier, and the shepherd apply them constantly in rearing their domestic animals. shall they be disregarded, when it becomes known, that they bear equally upon the improvement of man, next in dignity to angels? shall these considerations rear a nobler race of animals, and, by overlooking them, shall man alone be consigned to degradation?