as in all armies, the french cavalryman considers himself as good as two infantrymen; the origin of this may probably be traced back through time to feudal days, when only the better classes of vassals were able to provide horses with which to come to the standard of the feudal chief. certain it is that even in these present days of scientific warfare, when the guns and rifles count equally with the swords of an army corps, the cavalryman still looks on himself as a superior person, more efficient and more to be admired than a mere gunner or a mere man in a line regiment of infantry. certainly, he rides, and this fact he is always ready to impress on the infantryman; what he keeps quiet about is that he has to groom the horse he rides, and to attend to its needs when the infantryman, having finished his march at practically the same time the cavalryman finished his, has his meal cooked and eaten before his fellow of the mounted unit has got away from stables.

considering that the time of the infantry conscript is fully occupied in the compression of all his tuition into his two years of service, it may be imagined that the way of the cavalryman is not an easy one, for he has far more to learn than the infantryman. he has not only to learn to use the carbine which corresponds in his case to the infantry rifle, and to execute movements on foot, but he has to groom his horse, clean his saddle, keep the stables in order, and do all the things that are absolute necessities where horses are concerned, as well as having nearly twice as much personal kit to look after as the infantryman—and then he has to be trained in the use of the sword, that of the lance in some regiments, and to add to his other drills the business of riding school.

the horses of french cavalry, as a whole, are not so well cared for as those of the english cavalry regiment; methods used in connection with the care of horses are not so complete and perfect, and the stock itself is not such well-bred stuff, as a whole, as the horseflesh that goes to the british army from irish and other breeding establishments. at the same time, the cavalry trooper is taught how to care for his mount in his own way, and, trained in a harder school, french horses of the cavalry are tougher than those of english regiments. if a unit from each army were placed side by side in a position in which there was no chance of feeding horses on full rations of forage, but all had to live on the country and make the best of it for a time, the french animals would probably come out better of the two from the ordeal, since they are more used to hardships in time of peace. the british trooper is taught to treat his horse as he would a baby, while the french soldier, inured to rigorous discipline himself, has a horse that shares his own circumstances.

the cavalry conscript elects to serve in a mounted unit, for, on the 1st of october on which a man comes up for his training, he is given choice between cavalry, artillery and infantry service, as far as the exigencies of the service will permit. like the infantry recruit, he begins his service by drawing kit and clothing and fitting the latter to the satisfaction of his superior officers; in addition to the equivalent of the kit drawn from store by the infantryman, however, the cavalry conscript must draw stable kit and cleaning materials, spurs and all that goes to make the difference between the mounted and the dismounted soldier. unlike modern practice in the british cavalry, the way with the french conscript is to get on teaching him at once as much as possible; riding school, foot drill, gymnastic exercises, and stable work are all crowded into his day, for there are but two years available before he will go back to civilian attire and ways. and there is much to teach him; more, really, than two years can be made to serve for. it may be said that, except in the case of men who were skilled riders before they came up for training, the french cavalry conscript is not a complete soldier by the time he has finished his two years, for it is impossible that he should be. all that can be done to make him efficient is done, though, and the difference between the finished article, going back to civilian avocations, and the conscript from which he is formed, is little short of marvellous. detractors from the merits of a conscript system overlook the effect on the conscript as regards physique and moral stamina; out of the rough schooling men emerge far more fitted for the battle of life than they entered, and the net effect of military training in a cavalry regiment—two years of it, taken as the french soldier is made to take his training—is in nineteen cases out of twenty all to the good.

riding-school is a serious business; when a man first leads his horse through the riding-school entrance and mounts, he learns what a perfect brute—from his point of view—an instructor can be, and it is not until he is nearing the end of his period of riding-school instruction that he learns to look on the instructor as not a bad fellow, a bit strict at his work, but responsible for the turning out of some of the finest riders in the world. for in horsemanship the french soldier is no whit behind his english confrère, and it is only in recent years that the british army has taken up the circus tricks which for many years have been practised in the french army in order to make men thoroughly familiar with their mounts. a conscript is taught not only to ride a saddled horse, but also to vault on to the back of a cantering horse, to make his horse lie down, and various other tricks—they are nothing more in themselves—which give him thorough confidence in himself and thorough knowledge of the capabilities, intelligence, and nature of his horse. recognising the wisdom of this form of teaching, the british army has of late adopted it, to the betterment of cavalry riding as a whole.

the new loi de trois ans, introduced in the war ministry of m. viviani, will be to the advantage of the french cavalry, when it has had chance of a fair trial—it had hardly become a definite law before the outbreak of war put a stop to peace training and peace organisation. but, when things become normal again, it is certain that the cavalry will benefit by the extension of the period of service, and although they were perfectly capable of taking the field when need arose, french cavalry will be improved in quality by the additional training. this applies not so much to the main points of drill and discipline as to little things; veterinary tricks and ways, capacity for individual service, and self-dependence in the fullest sense, especially to the extent demanded of the man who goes out on patrol work and scouting duty, are not to be learned as thoroughly as could be wished in two years, but must be ingrained by experience as well as by tuition.

before his first year of training is concluded the cavalry conscript is expected to have learned all that the riding-school can teach him. in addition to the class of riding which may be termed circus work, and is taught on horses with handled pads instead of saddles, the recruit is initiated into bending lessons, by which his horse is rendered flexuous and easily amenable to pressure of leg and rein. it is worthy of note, by the way, that the principle on which the modern training of horses is based is due to a frenchman, who brought to england what were at the time considered revolutionary principles with regard to riding.

the method by which the french conscript is trained at riding school is of such a nature that it trains horse and man at the same time. at the beginning of training with saddles the ride is formed of about sixteen men who walk, trot, and canter their mounts along sides of a square in single file. the man is made to ride his horse well into the corners of the square and to make three turns sharply, and, when men have acquired full control of their horses so as to be able to perform this simple movement properly, they are taken on to more complex matters. while strung out along one side of the square, at the word of command each man turns his horse at a direct right angle, proceeds across the square, and, turning again at a right angle on the far side, the ride forms single file again and proceeds. a diagonal movement of the same nature is then taught; men are taught to halt their horses suddenly and rein them back a length or two; they are taught when at the canter to cause their horses to passage sideways across the square, and, in fact, are instructed to make every movement of which a horse is capable. at first, as may be assumed, the tuition is carried out with trained horses, but, as men become advanced in the art and practice of riding, they are put on to younger horses, and it will be easily understood that, in learning himself to make the horse execute the movements, the cavalryman trains the horse to its work as well as increasing his own knowledge.

in the matter of foot drill there is not so much to learn in the cavalry as in the infantry. cavalry foot drill, as a matter of fact, is practically a replica of the drill to which troops and squadrons of men are subjected when mounted. the principle governing cavalry foot drill in practically all armies consists in assuming that a man shall not be called on to execute a movement which he cannot execute on horseback, as, otherwise, confusion might arise in the course of mounted drill. it would be interesting, for instance, if cavalry were taught infantry drill, to see what would happen if a squadron of mounted men were ordered to form fours in the infantry style.

actual foot movements do not by any means comprise the total of drill that the cavalry conscript must learn on foot before applying it to mounted work. the use of the sword and also that of the lance are first thoroughly taught to squads of dismounted men, and a recruit must be fully conversant with sword and lance exercise before he ventures to perform either offensive or defensive movements with either of these weapons on horseback. the unskilled man waving a sword about when mounted would probably do more damage to his horse's eyes and ears than to anything else, and the man with the lance, if unskilled, would probably find himself dismounting involuntarily if he tried to use the lance on a spirited horse. thus men are taken out, dismounted, in squads; each man assumes the position which he would occupy on horseback with feet well apart, knees bent and toes turned to the front—an exhausting posture to maintain for any length of time. in this attitude the recruit is taught such movements as are requisite to full control of sword and lance. for final training in the use of these weapons men are given fencing outfits and set in pairs to oppose each other. when they have attained to proficiency, the whole business is repeated on horseback, and by that time their training for actual field work in the ranks is practically complete.

the part of his work that the cavalry conscript likes least is the grooming and sweeping up and cleaning of saddlery in the stables. there is a morning stable hour with which the day begins; there are about two hours before midday which must be devoted to grooming, cleaning saddlery, sweeping up, etc., and there is another hour or so to be spent at stables in the afternoon, when the "orders of the day" are read out to the men by the sergeant-major of the squadron or his representative.

as is the case in the infantry, each conscript, on arriving at the regiment in which he is to serve, is allotted to the charge of a corporal, who instructs him in all things pertaining to his work, and takes charge of him on corvées, the equivalent to the "fatigues" of the british army. corvées include the carrying of forage from the stores to stable, fetching coal for the cooks, white-washing where and when necessary, building riding-school jumps, and, in fact, all and every class of work which men are unable to perform individually for themselves. much of this work is undergone by the men sentenced to salle de police, which is the equivalent of the british army's punishment known as "days to barracks," with the addition that the offenders sleep in the guard room at night instead of in the barrack room. this of course involves entire confinement to barracks, which no offender is allowed to quit unless he is on duty; it also involves no possibility of attendance at the canteen at any time of the day, and, further, the man sentenced to salle de police devotes practically all the spare time that is his under normal circumstances to some form of corvée. on the whole, however, the punishment is not so severe as it appears, for, with the exception of sleeping in the guard room at night, and rising exceptionally early in the morning, a man undergoing salle de police is not debarred from the society of his comrades, and there is usually some good-natured chum willing to fetch canteen produce, and thus make up for at least one of the deficiencies involved.

this last, however, must be done when the corporal is not looking, or else both men are likely to get into trouble. strict discipline is the rule and the conscript is expected to take his punishment—when he incurs it—as part of his training. it must be added as a mark of the quality of the material of which the french army is composed that punishments and rewards alike are usually accepted in equally good part.

the corporal, who is the superior officer with whom the conscript is brought most frequently in contact, sleeps in the same room as his squad; he is thus able to give men hints with regard to riding school work; he trains his squad at elementary drill, both mounted and dismounted; he instructs men in the way in which clothing should be folded for placing on the shelf, and the way in which to clean kit and equipment. in the matter of troop drill the conscript is taught his work by the sergeant of the peloton or troop, and the sergeant in turn is responsible to the lieutenant or sub-lieutenant over him. he is also responsible to the sergeant-major of the squadron, and through him to the senior captain of the squadron. to follow the matter through, the senior captain is responsible to the chef d'escadrons, who again is responsible to the commanding officer of the regiment. decentralisation of command has been an important factor in french military training for many years, and although the responsibilities of the corporal and sergeant pass through so many grades before they reach the ultimate head of affairs, both these lower ranks are extremely important items in the discipline and training of the french cavalry regiments.

there is one system pursued both in the cavalry and in the artillery of the french army which leads to pleasant expeditions for a certain number of men in each of these branches of the service. the system referred to is that of boarding out a certain number of horses away from regimental control for that portion of the year which the regiment spends in barracks. when the time approaches for the regiment to go on man?uvres, a party usually made up of a sergeant, possibly a corporal, and two or three troopers, goes round to the farms where these horses are at grass, and inspects them with a view to reporting on their condition and fitness for use. as may be imagined, the men selected for these expeditions are envied their appointments, for it is a pleasant matter to get away from the discipline and strict routine of service with the regiment for a time, and, if the sergeant in charge is a companionable man, the whole affair becomes a perfect picnic for the men concerned. on expeditions of this kind men are perfectly certain of receiving full hospitality at such places as they may visit, and altogether the trip is as good as the furlough which the conscript, unlike his british confrère, does not get, save in exceptional circumstances. the two years in which a man must become fully conversant with his work is too short a period, in view of the number of duties he has to learn, to admit of holidays.

altogether, the life of the cavalry conscript in barracks is not by any means an unpleasant business. a comparatively large number of men, when given the choice of the arm of the service in which to serve, request to be sent to the cavalry. the majority of those joining cavalry regiments are used to horses in some way—and by this is implied very many ways indeed, and very many kinds of horse. french cavalry as a whole is built up out of good material; the spirit of the men is good; the reputation of the french cavalry for horse-mastership is as wide as it is deserved, and, bearing in mind the period of active service for which men are required to serve, it may safely be said that there is no better body of cavalry troops in the world than the french. this remark, however, cannot be reckoned as a wise one if the speaker is addressing a british cavalryman, who always regards himself as a member of the premier squadron in the best regiment of the very finest cavalry force existent. but then, the french cavalryman will tell the same story.