before proceeding to the consideration of life as lived in the french army, it would be well to have a clear understanding of the constitution of the army of france, the parts of which it is composed, and the conditions under which it is organised and controlled. the british army is a growth of years, and even of centuries, but with the changes of government that france has undergone since 1815 the constitution of the army has undergone radical changes, and the french army of to-day dates back only to 1871—that is, as far as form and composition are in question.

one of the principles under which the present republic of france is constituted is that "every citizen is a soldier." this principle has been more and more enforced with the growth and consolidation of the republic since 1870, and successive laws passed with reference to the army have been framed with ever-increasing recognition of the need for military efficiency. by the first law with regard to the constitution of the army, that of july 27th, 1872, every young man, at the age of twenty, so long as he was physically fit, owed to his country five years of active service, five years in the territorial army of france, and six years in what was known as the territorial reserve. on this law the constitution and organisation of the army were first based.

the law of july 15th, 1889, reduced the period of service to three years in the active army, but the principle remained the same. a further modification in the length of service was brought about by the law of 1905, which reduced the period of service with the active army to two years, and abolished certain classes of citizens who were excused from military service for various reasons. up to the passing of this law, bread-winners of a family had been exempt, but by it they were called on to serve, while the state pensioned their dependents during their period of service; the "voluntariat," consisting of men who paid a certain amount to the state in order to serve for a period of one year only, was abolished—"every citizen a soldier" was made more of a reality than ever, for the nation realised that it must keep pace with the neighbour on the east, who was steadily increasing its military resources.

from the age of twenty to that of forty-five, every frenchman physically capable of military service is a soldier. each commune complies yearly a list of its young men who have attained the age of twenty during the preceding twelve months. all these young men are examined by the conseil de révision cantonale, a revising body of military and civilian officials, by whom the men not physically fit are at once rejected, and men who may possibly attain to the standard of fitness required are put back for examination after a sufficient interval has elapsed to admit of their development in height, weight, or other requirement in which they are deficient. five feet and half an inch is the minimum standard of height, though men of exceptional physical quality are passed into the infantry below this height.

the loi des cadres of 1907 supplemented the law of 1905 without materially changing it. at the present time about 200,000 men are enrolled every year, this number including the men who have been put back from previous examination by the revising council. the active army of france thus consists of about 535,000 men, together with an approximate total of 55,000 men serving in algeria and 20,000 men serving in tunis. the gendarmerie and republican guard add on another 25,000, and the colonial troops serving in the french colonies amount to a total of about 60,000. this last number is steadily increasing by means of the enrolment of natives of the french colonies in africa.

these numbers concern the army on a peace footing. in case of a national emergency the total war strength of the french army is calculated at 4,800,000. of these 1,350,000 comprise the first line troops made up of the active army and younger classes of the reserve, who would constitute the first field armies to engage the enemy on an outbreak of war. the remainder of the total of nearly 5 millions would be called up as required for garrison purposes and to strengthen the ranks of the field army.

the citizen is still expected to give twenty-five years of service to his country; of these, two—or rather three, under the law passed by the action of the war ministry of m. viviani just before the outbreak of the present continental war—years are expected to be spent in the active army, and another eleven in the reserve of the active army. during this second period of eleven years men are recalled to the colours—that is, to service with the active army—for periods of a month at a time. at the conclusion of this first thirteen years of service, men pass automatically to the territorial army, which is supposed to serve for the purposes of home defence only. service in the territorial army lasts six years, after which the soldier passes to six years in the reserve of the territorial army. after this the french citizen is exempt from any further military obligation.

registered at the age of twenty, the french citizen is called to the colours on the first of october following his registration, and passes from the active army two years later on september 30th. in old days, when the period of service in the active army was for five years, the french army was an unpopular institution, but the shortening of service together with the knowledge, possessed by the nation as a whole, that the need for every citizen soldier would eventually rise through the action of germany, have combined to render the army not only an important item in national life, but a popular one. there used to be grousers and bad characters by the score, but now they are rarely found.

in time of peace the active army of france is so organised as to form the skeleton on which to build the war forces of the republic. the system is one of twenty permanent army corps based as follows: the first at lille, the second at amiens, the third at rouen, the fourth at le mans, the fifth at orleans, the sixth at chalons-sur-marne, the seventh at besan?on, the eighth at bourges, the ninth at tours, the tenth at rennes, the eleventh at nantes, the twelfth at limoges, the thirteenth at clermont-ferrand, the fourteenth at lyons, the fifteenth at marseilles, the sixteenth at montpellier, the seventeenth at toulouse, the eighteenth at bordeaux, the nineteenth at algiers, and the twentieth at nancy.

the strength of an army corps is made up of two divisions of infantry, a brigade of cavalry, a brigade of horse and field artillery, and one "squadron of train," the last named including the non-combatants of the army corps. exceptions are the sixth army corps with head-quarters at chalons, the seventh at besan?on, and the nineteenth at algiers; of these the first mentioned two contain three divisions of infantry instead of two, while the algerian corps has four divisions, one of which is detached for duty in tunis.

in addition to the twenty stations of the army corps, eight independent cavalry divisions have head-quarters respectively at paris, luneville, meaux, sedan, melun, lyons, rheims, and d?le. there is also the military government of paris, which, acting independently of the rest, contains detachments from four army corps and two cavalry divisions. a cavalry division is made up of two brigades, each consisting of two regiments which in turn contain four squadrons and a reserve squadron of peace.

the infantry of the french army consists of 163 regiments of infantry of the line, 31 battalions of chasseurs à pied, mainly stationed in mountain districts, 4 regiments of zouaves, 4 regiments of turcos or native algerian tirailleurs, 2 regiments of the foreign legion, 5 disciplinary battalions known as african light infantry.

the cavalry organisation is 12 regiments of cuirassiers, 32 regiments of dragoons, 21 regiments of chasseurs—corresponding to the british lancers—14 regiments of hussars, 6 regiments of chasseurs d'afrique, and 4 regiments of native algerian cavalry known as spahis.

the french army is rather weak in artillery, its total strength consisting of 445 field batteries organised into 40 regiments of field artillery; 52 batteries of horse artillery, the greater part of which, however, have been transformed or are in process of transformation to field batteries; 14 mountain batteries; 18 battalions of garrison artillery, together with artificers to a total of 13 companies. six regiments of engineers are divided into 22 battalions, and there is also a department of engineers known as the railway regiment. the non-combatant branches of the army are formed into 20 squadrons of train, which contain the equivalents to the british army service corps, army ordnance corps, and the personnel of units connected with the upkeep and maintenance of the army in the field. in addition, there is an army corps of colonial infantry, service in which is a voluntary matter. its strength is about 30,000 troops in france and over 60,000 distributed throughout the various colonies.

the officers of the french army receive their training at military schools established in various parts of the republic, or else are recruited from among non-commissioned officers. not less than one-third of the total number of french officers rise to commissions by the latter method—napoleon's remark about the marshal's baton in the private soldier's knapsack still holds good in the french army. the principal training schools are those of st. cyr for infantry and cavalry officers, the école polytechnique for artillery and engineer officers, and the musketry school at chalons. the schools of st. maixent, saumur, versailles, and the gymnastic school at joinville-le-pont are intended for the training of non-commissioned officers selected for commissions.

the rate of pay for men in the first period of service is very low, ranging from the equivalent of a halfpenny a day upwards; but the law under which the army is constituted provides for the re-enlistment of such men as wish to make a career of the army, and on re-enlistment the rate of pay is materially increased, while a bounty is given on re-engagement, and at the conclusion of a certain amount of service re-engaged men are granted pensions. it is only reasonable that, with the adoption of the principle of universal service, the rate of pay should be low; voluntary re-enlistment, however, is a different matter, so the republic rewards the men who re-engage at the conclusion of their first term. from among them are selected practically all the non-commissioned officers, while, considering that all necessaries of life are provided for them in addition to their pay, even the rank and file are not badly off.

the armament of the french infantry is the lebel rifle with bayonet, this pattern of rifle having been adopted in 1886. it is understood that an automatic rifle is under consideration, but a serious drawback to the use of such a weapon is the fact that, with a rate of fire three or four times as great as that of the ordinary magazine rifle with bolt action, the automatic rifle would require more ammunition than its user could carry. the weapon of the field artillery is a shielded quick-firing gun of creusot pattern, with a bore of 75 millimetres. on this gun the field-guns of all nations have been modelled, but, although it was the first of its kind to be put into use, it still gives the artillery of the french army a decided advantage over that of other continental nations, when reckoned gun for gun. the french cavalry is armed with a straight sword, in place of the old-fashioned curved blade which the french discarded some time ago, but which remained in use in the british army up to the end of 1907. a carbine and bamboo lance are also carried.

in all matters of military equipment and armament the french republic has led the world since its reconstitution after 1870. the lebel rifle and its adoption inaugurated a new era in the armament of infantry; the 75-millimetre gun, as already noted, was the first of its kind to come into use. the lebel carbine which the cavalry carry is still unsurpassed as a cavalry weapon. further, france led the world in the development of air craft; the lighter-than-air machine, certainly, has developed into a german specialty, but the heavier-than-air machine, or aeroplane, owes its development to french enterprise, and very largely to french military enterprise. in all branches of the service, and in all matters affecting the service, the french army is the home of experiment, and to this fact is due the greater part of french military efficiency to-day. the bravery of french troops is unquestioned, and, in addition to this, the french army has nothing to learn from the armies of other nations as regards matériel and equipment.