on the construction of the common mariners' compass225, and on the diversity of the compasses of different nations.

i n a round226 hollow wooden bowl, all the upper part of which is closed with glass, a versorium is placed upon a rather long pin which is fixed in the middle. the covering prevents the wind, and the motion of air from any external cause. through the glass everything within can be discerned. the versorium is circular, consisting of some light material (as card), to the under part of which the magnetick pieces of iron are attached. on the upper part 32 spaces (which are commonly called points) are assigned to the same number of mathematical intervals in the horizon or winds which are distinguished by certain marks and by a lily indicating the north. the bowl is suspended in the plane of the horizon in æquilibrium in a brass ring which also is itself suspended transversely in another ring within a box sufficiently wide with a leaden weight attached; hence it conforms to the plane of the horizon even though the ship be tossed to and fro by the waves. the iron works are either a pair with their ends united, or else a single one of a nearly oval shape with projecting ends, which does its work more certainly and more quickly. this is to be fitted to the cardboard circle so that the centre of the circle may be in the middle of the magnetick iron. but inasmuch as variation arises horizontally from the point of the meridian which cuts the horizon at right angles, therefore on account of the variation the makers in different regions and cities mark out the mariners' compass in different ways, and also attach in different ways the magnetick needles to the cardboard circle on which are placed the 32 divisions or points. hence there are commonly in europe 4 different constructions and forms. first that of the states on the mediterranean sea, sicily, genoa, and the republick of venice. in all these the needles are attached under the rose or lily on the cardboard versorium, so that (where there is no variation) they are directed to the true north and south points. wherefore the north part marked with the lily always shows exactly the point of variation when the apex itself of the lily on the movable circle, together with the ends of the magnetick wires attached below, rests at the point of variation. yet another is that of dantzig, and throughout the baltic sea, and the belgian provinces; in which the iron works fixed below the circle diverge from the lily ¼ of a rumbe to the east. for navigation to russia the divergency is ⅔. but the compasses which are made at seville, lisbon, rochelle, bordeaux, rouen, and throughout all england have an interval of ½ a rumbe. from those differences most serious errors have arisen in navigation, and in the marine science. for as soon as the bearings of maritime places (such as promontories, havens, islands) have been first found by the aid of the mariners' compass, and the times of sea-tide or high water determined from the position of the moon over this or that point (as they say) of the compass, it must be further inquired in what region or according to the custom of what region that compass was made by which the bearings of those places and the times of the sea-tides were first observed and discovered. for one who should use the british compass and should follow the directions of the marine charts of the mediterranean sea would necessarily wander very much out of the straight course. so also he that should use the italian compass in the british, german, or baltic sea, together with marine charts that are made use of in those parts, will often stray from the right way. these different constructions have been made on account of the dissimilar variations, so that they might avoid somewhat serious errors in those parts of the world. but pedro nuñez seeks the meridian by the mariners' compass, or versorium (which the spanish call the needle), without taking account of the variation: and he adduces many geometrical demonstrations which (because of his slight use and experience in matters magnetical) rest on utterly vicious foundations. in the same manner pedro de medina, since he did not admit variation, has disfigured his arte de navegar with many errors.