it is amongst the plants that we find the longest life-more than among the animals, for, in the first place, they are less watery and hence less easily frozen. further they have an oiliness and a viscosity which makes them retain their moisture in a form not easily dried up, even though they are dry and earthy.

but we must discover the reason why trees are of an enduring constitution, for it is peculiar to them and is not found in any animals except the insects.

plants continually renew themselves and hence last for a long time. new shoots continually come and the others grow old, and with the roots the same thing happens. but both processes do not occur together. rather it happens that at one time the trunk and the branches alone die and new ones grow up beside them, and it is only when this has taken place that the fresh roots spring from the surviving part. thus it continues, one part dying and the other growing, and hence also it lives a long time.

there is a similarity, as has been already said, between plants and insects, for they live, though divided, and two or more may be derived from a single one. insects, however, though managing to live, are not able to do so long, for they do not possess organs; nor can the principle resident in each of the separated parts create organs. in the case of a plant, however, it can do so; every part of a plant contains potentially both root and stem. hence it is from this source that issues that continued growth when one part is renewed and the other grows old; it is practically a case of longevity. the taking of slips furnishes a similar instance, for we might say that, in a way, when we take a slip the same thing happens; the shoot cut off is part of the plant. thus in taking slips this perpetuation of life occurs though their connexion with the plant is severed, but in the former case it is the continuity that is operative. the reason is that the life principle potentially belonging to them is present in every part.

identical phenomena are found both in plants and in animals. for in animals the males are, in general, the longer-lived. they have their upper parts larger than the lower (the male is more of the dwarf type of build than the female), and it is in the upper part that warmth resides, in the lower cold. in plants also those with great heads are longer-lived, and such are those that are not annual but of the tree-type, for the roots are the head and upper part of a plant, and among the annuals growth occurs in the direction of their lower parts and the fruit.

these matters however will be specially investigated in the work on plants. but this is our account of the reasons for the duration of life and for short life in animals. it remains for us to discuss youth and age, and life and death. to come to a definite understanding about these matters would complete our course of study on animals.