kosala and sravasti. the jetavana vihara and other memorials and legends of buddha. sympathy of the monks with the pilgrims.

going on from this to the south, for eight yojanas, (the travellers) came to the city of sravasti1 in the kingdom of kosala,2 in which the inhabitants were few and far between, amounting in all (only) to a few more than two hundred families; the city where king prasenajit3 ruled, and the place of the old vihara of maha-prajapti;4 of the well and walls of (the house of) the (vaisya) head sudatta;5 and where the angulimalya6 became an arhat, and his body was (afterwards) burned on his attaining to pari-nirvana. at all these places topes were subsequently erected, which are still existing in the city. the brahmans, with their contrary doctrine, became full of hatred and envy in their hearts, and wished to destroy them, but there came from the heavens such a storm of crashing thunder and flashing lightning that they were not able in the end to effect their purpose.

as you go out from the city by the south gate, and 1,200 paces from it, the (vaisya) head sudatta built a vihara, facing the south; and when the door was open, on each side of it there was a stone pillar, with the figure of a wheel on the top of that on the left, and the figure of an ox on the top of that on the right. on the left and right of the building the ponds of water clear and pure, the thickets of trees always luxuriant, and the numerous flowers of various hues, constituted a lovely scene, the whole forming what is called the jetavana vihara.7

when buddha went up to the trayastrimsas heaven,8 and preached the law for the benefit of his mother, (after he had been absent for) ninety days, prasenajit, longing to see him, caused an image of him to be carved in gosirsha chandana wood,9 and put in the place where he usually sat. when buddha on his return entered the vihara, buddha said to it, “return to your seat. after i have attained to pari-nirvana, you will serve as a pattern to the four classes of my disciples,”10 and on this the image returned to its seat. this was the very first of all the images (of buddha), and that which men subsequently copied. buddha then removed, and dwelt in a small vihara on the south side (of the other), a different place from that containing the image, and twenty paces distant from it.

the jetavana vihara was originally of seven storeys. the kings and people of the countries around vied with one another in their offerings, hanging up about it silken streamers and canopies, scattering flowers, burning incense, and lighting lamps, so as to make the night as bright as the day. this they did day after day without ceasing. (it happened that) a rat, carrying in its mouth the wick of a lamp, set one of the streamers or canopies on fire, which caught the vihara, and the seven storeys were all consumed. the kings, with their officers and people, were all very sad and distressed, supposing that the sandal-wood image had been burned; but lo! after four or five days, when the door of a small vihara on the east was opened, there was immediately seen the original image. they were all greatly rejoiced, and co-operated in restoring the vihara. when they had succeeded in completing two storeys, they removed the image back to its former place.

when fa-hien and tao-ching first arrived at the jetavana monastery, and thought how the world-honoured one had formerly resided there for twenty-five years, painful reflections arose in their minds. born in a border-land, along with their like-minded friends, they had travelled through so many kingdoms; some of those friends had returned (to their own land), and some had (died), proving the impermanence and uncertainty of life; and to-day they saw the place where buddha had lived now unoccupied by him. they were melancholy through their pain of heart, and the crowd of monks came out, and asked them from what kingdom they were come. “we are come,” they replied, “from the land of han.” “strange,” said the monks with a sigh, “that men of a border country should be able to come here in search of our law!” then they said to one another, “during all the time that we, preceptors and monks,11 have succeeded to one another, we have never seen men of han, followers of our system, arrive here.”

four le to the north-west of the vihara there is a grove called “the getting of eyes.” formerly there were five hundred blind men, who lived here in order that they might be near the vihara.12 buddha preached his law to them, and they all got back their eyesight. full of joy, they stuck their staves in the earth, and with their heads and faces on the ground, did reverence. the staves immediately began to grow, and they grew to be great. people made much of them, and no one dared to cut them down, so that they came to form a grove. it was in this way that it got its name, and most of the jetavana monks, after they had taken their midday meal, went to the grove, and sat there in meditation.

six or seven le north-east from the jetavana, mother vaisakha13 built another vihara, to which she invited buddha and his monks, and which is still existing.

to each of the great residences for monks at the jetavana vihara there were two gates, one facing the east and the other facing the north. the park (containing the whole) was the space of ground which the (vaisya) head sudatta purchased by covering it with gold coins. the vihara was exactly in the centre. here buddha lived for a longer time than at any other place, preaching his law and converting men. at the places where he walked and sat they also (subsequently) reared topes, each having its particular name; and here was the place where sundari14 murdered a person and then falsely charged buddha (with the crime). outside the east gate of the jetavana, at a distance of seventy paces to the north, on the west of the road, buddha held a discussion with the (advocates of the) ninety-six schemes of erroneous doctrine, when the king and his great officers, the householders, and people were all assembled in crowds to hear it. then a woman belonging to one of the erroneous systems, by name chanchamana,15 prompted by the envious hatred in her heart, and having put on (extra) clothes in front of her person, so as to give her the appearance of being with child, falsely accused buddha before all the assembly of having acted unlawfully (towards her). on this, sakra, ruler of devas, changed himself and some devas into white mice, which bit through the strings about her waist; and when this was done, the (extra) clothes which she wore dropt down on the ground. the earth at the same time was rent, and she went (down) alive into hell.16 (this) also is the place where devadatta,17 trying with empoisoned claws to injure buddha, went down alive into hell. men subsequently set up marks to distinguish where both these events took place.

further, at the place where the discussion took place, they reared a vihara rather more than sixty cubits high, having in it an image of buddha in a sitting posture. on the east of the road there was a devalaya18 of (one of) the contrary systems, called “the shadow covered,” right opposite the vihara on the place of discussion, with (only) the road between them, and also rather more than sixty cubits high. the reason why it was called “the shadow covered” was this:— when the sun was in the west, the shadow of the vihara of the world-honoured one fell on the devalaya of a contrary system; but when the sun was in the east, the shadow of that devalaya was diverted to the north, and never fell on the vihara of buddha. the mal-believers regularly employed men to watch their devalaya, to sweep and water (all about it), to burn incense, light the lamps, and present offerings; but in the morning the lamps were found to have been suddenly removed, and in the vihara of buddha. the brahmans were indignant, and said, “those sramanas take out lamps and use them for their own service of buddha, but we will not stop our service for you!”19 on that night the brahmans themselves kept watch, when they saw the deva spirits which they served take the lamps and go three times round the vihara of buddha and present offerings. after this ministration to buddha they suddenly disappeared. the brahmans thereupon knowing how great was the spiritual power of buddha, forthwith left their families, and became monks.20 it has been handed down, that, near the time when these things occurred, around the jetavana vihara there were ninety-eight monasteries, in all of which there were monks residing, excepting only in one place which was vacant. in this middle kingdom21 there are ninety-six21 sorts of views, erroneous and different from our system, all of which recognise this world and the future world22 (and the connexion between them). each had its multitude of followers, and they all beg their food: only they do not carry the alms-bowl. they also, moreover, seek (to acquire) the blessing (of good deeds) on unfrequented ways, setting up on the road-side houses of charity, where rooms, couches, beds, and food and drink are supplied to travellers, and also to monks, coming and going as guests, the only difference being in the time (for which those parties remain).

there are also companies of the followers of devadatta still existing. they regularly make offerings to the three previous buddhas, but not to sakyamuni buddha.

four le south-east from the city of sravasti, a tope has been erected at the place where the world-honoured one encountered king virudhaha,23 when he wished to attack the kingdom of shay-e,23 and took his stand before him at the side of the road.