everybody knows that in the old times, when arthur was king or charles the great emperor, no gentleman ever rested content until he had received the honour of knighthood. when once he was made a knight, he left his home and the court, and rode off in search of adventures, seeking to help people in distress who had no one else to help them.

after a while, however, the knights grew selfish and lazy. they liked better to hunt the deer through the forest than wicked robbers who had carried off beautiful ladies. ‘it was the king’s business,’ they said, ‘to take care of his subjects, not theirs,’ so they dwelt in their own castles, and many of them became great lords almost as powerful as the king himself.

but though the knights no longer went in search of noble adventures, as knights of earlier days had been wont to do, there were plenty of books in which they could read if they chose of the wonderful deeds of their forefathers. lancelot and roland, bernardo del carpio, the cid, amadis de gaule, and many more, were as well known to them as their own brothers, and if we will only take the trouble they may be known to us too.

now, several hundreds of years after lancelot and roland and all the rest had been laid in their graves, a baby belonging to the family of quixada was born in that part of spain called la mancha. we are not told anything of his boyhood, or even of his manhood till he reached the age of fifty, but we know that he was poor; that he lived with a housekeeper and a niece to take care of him, and that he passed all his days in company with these old books until the courts and forests which were the scenes of the adventures of those knights of bygone years were more real to him than any of his own doings.

‘i wish all those books could be burned,’ said the noble gentleman’s housekeeper one day to his niece. ‘my poor master’s wits are surely going, for he never understands one word you say to him. indeed, if you speak, he hardly seems to see you, much less to hear you!’

what the housekeeper said was true. the things that belonged to her master’s every-day life vanished completely bit by bit. if his niece related to him some scrap of news which a neighbour had run in to tell her, he would answer her with a story of the giant morgante, who alone among his ill-bred race had manners that befitted a spanish knight. if the housekeeper lamented that the flour in her storehouse would not last out the winter, he turned a deaf ear to all her complaints, and declared that he would give her and his niece into the bargain for the pleasure of bestowing one kick on ganelon the traitor.

at last one day things came to a climax. when the hour of dinner came round, don quixada was nowhere to be found. his niece sought him in his bedroom, in the little tower where his books were kept, and even in the stable, where lay the old horse who had served him for more years than one could count. he was in none of these; but just as she was leaving the stable a strange noise seemed to come from over the girl’s head, and on looking up she beheld her uncle rubbing a rusty sword that had lain there long before anybody could remember, while by his side were a steel cap and other pieces of armour.

a man seated in a chair with books all around shaking his fist at two women standing in the doorway

don quixada declared that he would give his housekeeper and his niece into the bargain for the pleasure of bestowing one kick on ganelon the traitor.

from that moment don quixada became deaf and blind to the things of this world. he was in despair because the steel cap was not a proper helmet, but only a morion without a vizor to let down. perhaps a smith might have made him what he wanted, but the don was too proud to ask him, and, getting some cardboard, cut and painted it like a vizor, and then fastened it to the morion. nothing could look — at a little distance — more like the helmet the cid might have worn, but don quixada knew well that no knight ever went forth in search of adventures without first proving the goodness of his armour, so, fixing the helmet against the wall, he made a slash at it with his sword. he only dealt two strokes, whereas his enemy might give him twenty, but those two swept clean through the vizor, and destroyed in three minutes a whole week’s work. so there was nothing for it but to begin over again, and this time the don took the precaution of lining the vizor with iron.

‘it looks beautiful,’ he cried when it was finished; but he took care not to try his blade upon it.

his next act was to go into the stable and rub down his horse’s coat, and to give it a feed of corn, vainly hoping that in a few days its ribs might become less plainly visible.

‘it is not right,’ he said to himself, one morning, as he stood watching the animal that was greedily eating out of its manger —‘it is not right that a knight’s good horse should go forth without a name. even the heathen alexander bestowed a high-sounding title on his own steed; and so, likewise, did those christian warriors, roland and the cid!’ but, try as he might, no name would come to him except such as were unworthy of the horse and his rider, and for four nights and days he pondered the question.

suddenly, at the moment he had least expected it, when he was eating the plain broth his housekeeper had set before him, the inspiration came.

‘rozinante!’ he cried triumphantly, laying down his spoon —‘rozinante! neither the cid’s horse nor roland’s bore a finer name than that!’

this weighty matter being settled, the don now began to think of himself, and, not being satisfied with the name his fathers had handed down to him, resolved to take one that was more noble, and better suited to a knight who was destined to do deeds that would keep him alive in the memory of men. for eight days he took heed of nothing save this one thing, and on the ninth he found what he had sought.

‘the world shall know me as don quixote,’ he said; ‘and as the noble amadis himself was not content to bear this sole title, but added to it the name of his own country, so i, in like manner, will add the name of mine, and henceforth will appear to all, as the good knight don quixote de la mancha!’

now don quixote de la mancha had read far too many books about the customs of chivalry not to be aware that every knight worshipped some lady of whose beauty he boasted upon all occasions and whose token he wore upon his helmet in battle. it was not very easy for don quixote to find such a lady, for all his life long, the company which he met in his books had been dearer to him than that which he could have had outside his home.

‘a knight without a liege lady is a tree without fruit, a body without soul,’ he thought. ‘of what use will it be if i meet with some giant such as always crosses the path of a wandering knight, and disarm him in our first encounter, unless i have a lady at whose feet he can kneel?’ so without losing more time he began to search the neighbouring villages for such a damsel, whose token he might wear, and at length found one with enough beauty for him to fall in love with, whose humble name of aldonza he changed for that of dulcinea del toboso.

the sun had hardly risen on the following morning when don quixote laced on his helmet, braced on his shield, took his lance in hand, and mounted rozinante.

never during his fifty years had he felt his heart so light, and he rode forth into the wide plain, expecting to find a giant or a distressed lady behind every bush. but his joy was short-lived, for suddenly it came to his mind that in the days of chivalry it never was known that any man went in quest of adventures without being first made a knight, and that no such good fortune had happened to him. this thought was so terrible that he reeled in his saddle, and was near turning the head of rozinante towards his own stable; but don quixote was a man of good courage, and in a short while he remembered on how many knights sir lancelot had conferred the honour of knighthood, and he determined to claim his spurs from the first that he managed to conquer in fight. till then, he must, as soon as might be, make his armour white, in token that as yet he had had no adventures. in this manner he took heart again.

all that day he rode, without either bite or sup, and, of the two, rozinante fared the better, for he at least found a tuft of coarse grass to eat. at nightfall a light as big as a faint star was seen gleaming in the distance, and both master and horse plucked up courage once more. they hastened towards it, and discovered that the light came from a small inn, which don quixote’s fancy instantly changed into a castle with four towers and pinnacles of shining silver, surrounded by a moat. he paused a moment, expecting a dwarf to appear on the battlements and announce by the blasts of his trumpet that a knight was approaching, but, as no dwarf could be seen, he dismounted at the door, where he was received with courtesy by the landlord or the governor of the castle, as don quixote took him to be.

at the sight of this strange figure, which looked as if it had gone to sleep a thousand years ago, and had only just woke up again, the landlord had as much ado to keep from laughter as the muleteers and some women who were standing before the door. but being a civil man, and somewhat puzzled, he held the stirrup for don quixote to alight, offering to give him everything that would make him comfortable except a bed, which was not to be had. the don made little of this, as became a good knight, and bade the landlord look well after rozinante, for no better horse would ever stand in his stable. the man, who had seen many beasts in his day, did not rate him quite so highly, but said nothing, and after placing the horse in the stable returned to the house to see after the master.

as it happened, it was easier to provide for the wants of rozinante than for those of don quixote, for the muleteers had eaten up everything in the kitchen, and nothing was left save a little dried fish and black bread. don quixote, however, was quite content; indeed, he imagined it the most splendid supper in the world, and when he had finished he fell on his knees before the landlord.

‘never will i rise again, noble sir,’ said he, ‘until you grant my prayer, which shall be an occasion of glory to you and of gain to all men.’

the landlord, not being used to such conduct on the part of his guests, tried to lift don quixote on to his feet, but the knight vowed that he would not move till his prayer was granted.

‘the gift i would ask of you,’ continued the don, now rising to his feet, ‘is that to-night i may watch my arms in the chapel of your castle, and at sunrise i shall kneel before you to be made a knight. then i shall bid you farewell, and set forth on my journey through the world, righting wrongs and helping the oppressed, after the manner of the knights of old.’

‘i am honoured indeed,’ replied the landlord, who by this time saw very clearly that the poor gentleman was weak in his wits, and had a mind to divert himself. ‘as a youth, i myself wandered through the land, and my name, the champion of all who needed it, was known to every court in spain, till a deadly thrust in my side, from a false knight, forced me to lay down my arms, and to return to this my castle, giving shelter and welcome to any knights that ask it. but as to the chapel, it is but a week since it was made level with the ground, being but a poor place, and in no way worthy of the service of noble knights; but keep your watch in the courtyard of my castle, as your books will have told you that others have done in case of need. afterwards, i will admit you into the order of chivalry, but before you take up your vigil tell me, i pray you, what money you have brought with you?’

this question surprised the don very much.

‘i have brought none,’ he answered presently, ‘for never did i hear that either roland or percival or any of the great knight-errants whose example i fain would follow, carried any money with them.’

‘that is because they thought it no more needful to say that they carried money or clean shirts than that they carried a sword or a box of ointment to cure the wounds of themselves or their foes, in case no maiden or enchanter with a flask of water was on the spot,’ replied the landlord; and he spoke so long and so earnestly on the subject that the don promised never again to start on a quest without money and a box of ointment, besides at least three clean shirts.

it was now high time for his watch to begin, and the landlord led the way to a great yard at the side of the inn. here the don took his arms, and piled them on a trough of stone that stood near a well. then bearing his lance he walked up and down beside his trough.

for an hour or two he paced the yard, watched, though he knew it not, by many eyes from the inn windows, which, with the aid of a bright moon, could see all that happened as clearly as if it were day. at length a muleteer who had a long journey before him drove up his team to the trough, which was fed by the neighbouring well, and in order to let his cattle drink, stretched out his arms to remove the sword and helmet which lay there. the don perceived his aim, and cried in a voice of thunder:

‘what man are you, ignorant of the laws of chivalry, who dares to touch the arms of the bravest knight who ever wore a sword? take heed lest you lay a finger upon them, for if you do your life shall pay the forfeit.’

it might have been as well for the muleteer if he had listened, and had led his cattle to water elsewhere, but, looking at the don’s tall lean figure and his own stout fists, he only laughed rudely, and, seizing both sword and helmet, threw them across the yard. the don paused a moment, wondering if he saw aright; then raising his eyes to heaven he exclaimed:

‘o lady dulcinea, peerless in thy beauty, help me to avenge this insult that has been put upon me’; and, lifting high his lance, he brought it down with such a force on the head of the man that he fell to the ground without a word, and the don began his walk afresh.

he had not been pacing the yard above half an hour when another man, not knowing what had befallen his friend, drove his beasts up to the trough, and was stooping to move the don’s arms, so that the cattle could get at the water, when a mighty blow fell on his head, splitting it nearly into pieces.

at this noise the people from the inn ran out, and seeing the two muleteers stretched wounded on the ground picked up stones wherewith to stone the knight. the don, however, fronted them with such courage that they did not dare to venture near him, and the landlord, making use of their fears, called on them to leave him alone, for that he was a madman, and the law would not touch him, even though he should kill them all. then, wishing to be done with the business and with his guest, he made excuses for the rude fellows, who had only got what they deserved, and said that, as there was no chapel to his castle, he could dub him knight where he stood, for, the watch of arms having been completed, all that was needful was a slap on the neck with a palm of the hand and the touch of the sword on the shoulder.

don quixote stands yelling at another man who is lifting armor out of a stone trough

don quixote belabours the muleteer

so don quixada was turned into don quixote de la mancha, and, mounting rozinante, he left the inn, and with a joyful heart started to seek his first adventure.