all penguinia heard with horror of pyrot’s crime; at the same time there was a sort of satisfaction that this embezzlement combined with treachery and even bordering on sacrilege, had been committed by a jew. in order to understand this feeling it is necessary to be acquainted with the state of the public opinion regarding the jews both great and small. as we have had occasion to say in this history, the universally detested and all powerful financial caste was composed of christians and of jews. the jews who formed part of it and on whom the people poured all their hatred were the upper-class jews. they possessed immense riches and, it was said, held more than a fifth part of the total property of penguinia. outside this formidable caste there was a multitude of jews of a mediocre condition, who were not more loved than the others and who were feared much less. in every ordered state, wealth is a sacred thing: in democracies it is the only sacred thing. now the penguin state was democratic. three or four financial companies exercised a more extensive, and above all, more effective and continuous power, than that of the ministers of the republic. the latter were puppets whom the companies ruled in secret, whom they compelled by intimidation or corruption to favour themselves at the expense of the state, and whom they ruined by calumnies in the press if they remained honest. in spite of the secrecy of the exchequer, enough appeared to make the country indignant, but the middle-class penguins had, from the greatest to the last of them, been brought up to hold money in great reverence, and as they all had property, either much or little, they were strongly impressed with the solidarity of capital and understood that a small fortune is not safe unless a big one is protected. for these reasons they conceived a religious respect for the jews’ millions, and self-interest being stronger with them than aversion, they were as much afraid as they were of death to touch a single hair of one of the rich jews whom they detested. towards the poorer jews they felt less ceremonious and when they saw any of them down they trampled on them. that is why the entire nation learnt with thorough satisfaction that the traitor was a jew. they could take vengeance on all israel in his person without any fear of compromising the public credit.

that pyrot had stolen the eighty thousand trusses of hay nobody hesitated for a moment to believe. no one doubted because the general ignorance in which everybody was concerning the affair did not allow of doubt, for doubt is a thing that demands motives. people do not doubt without reasons in the same way that people believe without reasons. the thing was not doubted because it was repeated everywhere and with the public, to repeat is to prove. it was not doubted because people wished to believe pyrot guilty and one believes what one wishes to believe. finally, it was not doubted because the faculty of doubt is rare amongst men; very few minds carry in them its germs and these are not developed without cultivation. doubt is singular, exquisite, philosophic, immoral, transcendent, monstrous, full of malignity, injurious to persons and to property, contrary to the good order of governments, and to the prosperity of empires, fatal to humanity, destructive of the gods, held in horror by heaven and earth. the mass of the penguins were ignorant of doubt: it believed in pyrot’s guilt and this conviction immediately became one of its chief national beliefs and an essential truth in its patriotic creed.

pyrot was tried secretly and condemned.

general panther immediately went to the minister of war to tell him the result.

“luckily,” said he, “the judges were certain, for they had no proofs.”

“proofs,” muttered greatauk, “proofs, what do they prove? there is only one certain, irrefragable proof — the confession of the guilty person. has pyrot confessed?”

“no, general.”

“he will confess, he ought to. panther, we must induce him; tell him it is to his interest. promise him that, if he confesses, he will obtain favours, a reduction of his sentence, full pardon; promise him that if he confesses his innocence will be admitted, that he will be decorated. appeal to his good feelings. let him confess from patriotism, for the flag, for the sake of order, from respect for the hierarchy, at the special command of the minister of war militarily. . . . but tell me, panther, has he not confessed already? there are tacit confessions; silence is a confession.”

“but, general, he is not silent; he keeps on squealing like a pig that he is innocent.”

“panther, the confessions of a guilty man sometimes result from the vehemence of his denials. to deny desperately is to confess. pyrot has confessed; we must have witnesses of his confessions, justice requires them.”

there was in western penguinia a seaport called la cirque, formed of three small bays and formerly greatly frequented by ships, but now solitary and deserted. gloomy lagoons stretched along its low coasts exhaling a pestilent odour, while fever hovered over its sleepy waters. here, on the borders of the sea, there was built a high square tower, like the old campanile at venice, from the side of which, close to the summit, hung an open cage which was fastened by a chain to a transverse beam. in the times of the draconides the inquisitors of alca used to put heretical clergy into this cage. it had been empty for three hundred years, but now pyrot was imprisoned in it under the guard of sixty warders, who lived in the tower and did not lose sight of him night or day, spying on him for confessions that they might afterwards report to the minister of war. for greatauk, careful and prudent, desired confessions and still further confessions. greatauk, who was looked upon as a fool, was in reality a man of great ability and full of rare foresight.

in the mean time pyrot, burnt by the sun, eaten by mosquitos, soaked in the rain, hail and snow, frozen by the cold, tossed about terribly by the wind, beset by the sinister croaking of the ravens that perched upon his cage, kept writing down his innocence on pieces torn off his shirt with a tooth-pick dipped in blood. these rags were lost in the sea or fell into the hands of the gaolers. some of them, however, came under the eyes of the public. but pyrot’s protests moved nobody because his confessions had been published.