“… and, if we think of it, what does civilisation itself rest upon—and what object has it, with its religions, arts, schools, etc., but rich, luxuriant, varied personalism? to that all bends, and it is because toward such result democracy alone, on anything like nature’s scale, breaks up the limitless fallows of humankind, and plants the seed, and gives fair play, that its claims now precede the rest.”—walt whitman, democratic vistas.

in the last chapter mention was made of the tyranny of an ideal. man thinks of the qualities he finds desirable in a woman and compounds an ideal woman out of these qualities, and then proceeds to call “unsexed” the real women of flesh and blood who do not conform or pretend to conform to this ideal. the older women have very naturally helped him to maintain these ideals; they were reared in them, and they have feared lest it might be difficult to find provision for their daughters, unless they kept the daughters strictly to the dedicated ways. they were wrong, as timid people nearly always are wrong. the free woman, with a character and a will of her own, is not only happier and more useful, but she is proving herself[139] far more attractive than the colourless submissive ideal.

we have been wearied out with talk of the ideal woman, and now there comes a change, but it is more apparent than real. we hear now a good deal about a person called by the name of normal woman. men who have done good work in some particular corner of scientific research have been largely responsible for the respect with which this talk about normal woman has been received, but when you come to look at her, you will find that she is merely ideal woman dressed up in scientific terms, and that the author of her being is no other than the old adam. it often seems to me that the common people, with no notion of general principles or of scientific and philosophic methods, cannot wander so fantastically far from truth and justice and common humanity as your man of science, when his sex-vanity has been hurt or his prerogative of pure egoism has been disturbed. the denunciations of scientific men have, fortunately, been robbed of many of their terrors by the work of women in biology and medicine. it would be only human if scientific women showed traces of their sex in their work, just as men do, but that these are very slight is suggested by the complaint of sir almroth wright, who declared, in his widely read letter to the times (march 1912), that medical women violated the “modesties and reticences upon which our civilisation has been built up,” by putting above these their scientific “desire for[140] knowledge.” one has seldom read a more splendid tribute to the courage and candour of women,—a tribute all the more splendid because so entirely involuntary,—for women know how scientific men of the type of sir almroth wright have made the path of scientific knowledge a very calvary for modest women. it is nothing to men of this type that the modesties of our civilisation should in the past have led to our women being handled and examined in hospital by youths of the sort common among medical students; that the reticences of this same civilisation should have led to many men and nearly all women being ignorant of all that goes to the building of a healthy and moral nation. sir almroth declares that man “cannot and does not wish to work side by side with women.” some men may not, but sir almroth is slandering his own sex when he makes the assertion for all mankind. the pioneer work of women of science was made possible by the existence of large numbers of scientific men willing to teach women. we may make a pretty shrewd guess at the reasons why some scientific men do not wish women to study science, for have not the medical and scientific women already, by their work, exploded many of the old fictions about women, and so put heart and hope into millions of women who felt their powers, but hardly dared believe in them, because of the dead weight of what they were told was science? they have now learned that all that is put forth by a scientific man is not science, and that when[141] sex comes into his calculations it is apt to be a very serious disturbance to clear thought. it seems to be a fact that men are as a rule far more conscious than women of the existence of sex in every relation of life, and if there be something in the speculations of biologists concerning the presence of male and female elements in the human female, there may be a very profound reason for this difference in outlook; but it seems like midsummer madness to say that the one of the two sexes who is most homogeneous in the elements of sex shall be the only one who shall have freedom to know and speculate and experiment, for it is clear that that one would be the one less likely to have sympathies wide enough to include both sexes.

what is the line the scientific reactionaries adopt? they abandon ideal woman; they offer you normal woman, and she turns out, on investigation, to be no other than average woman. they take from each woman what is peculiar or individual, what marks her out as different from other women; they select what is common to women, sex and motherhood, and they proceed to say that for sex and motherhood women must live and be trained. when some half-crazy strindberg or wholly crazy weininger asserts that woman does not exist as a person, he is really only putting clearly the logical result of this tyranny of thought. it simplifies the side of life which has no obvious reference to themselves if they can make pigeon-holes all of one size[142] and shape, label them normal woman and stuff in all the women indiscriminately. but the cruelty and the waste is seen if we understand how the norm is arrived at. procrustes’ bed was for normal persons. if you measured all the feet of humanity and then found the average and made one boot—the average boot—for men, women and children, they would all suffer, but the severest sufferings would be those of the men with the largest feet. so with the wretched insistence on making all life to fit the average woman. she doesn’t exist; she is a figment of men’s minds, and every single woman suffers in her degree from the tyranny of the average, but the woman who suffers most is the biggest woman. the world suffers too, from the stunting or warping or exasperation of its strongest and most original female minds. one has only to think of the agony of loneliness of a charlotte bront?, of the limiting of her opportunities for equal friendships, for which she had so rare a genius, of her starvation in experience and in knowledge, and of the cruel tyranny of hated, because uncongenial, toil. a normal woman loves children, it is said. well, charlotte bront? did not love children; yet she was forced to teach them, and to wear out her heart over them, and she cannot even have done it at all well. the children would have been better taught by someone else. if charlotte bront? had been given the same scope to shape her life as branwell had—merely because he was a man—her work might have gained by contact with wider life, and she herself might[143] have lived longer to give us more of it. the stubborn courage of this woman of genius during years of soul-imprisonment and starvation should surely help to break down these stupid and wasteful cruelties.

the enthusiasts for normal woman do not entirely deny that here and there an exceptional woman may suffer from the restrictions of a woman’s life, but they suggest that these sufferings are exaggerated, and affect only the exceptional women, and in any case only matter to the sufferer herself. it is wonderful with what complacency people can contemplate the sufferings of others; wonderful, too, the assumption that “exceptional” women are negligible, as if it were not, after all, only among the exceptional that we might hope to find genius. these people will tell you that women have never done anything which the world would have missed, except the one work of mothering the race. therefore to this work they should be restricted. women will never, so they say, be anything but third-rate in arts or sciences or crafts; they can be superlative mothers; let them concentrate on that. if they do not, it is darkly suggested that they will lose even the capacity for mothering, and then, where will they be? and, what is worse, where will men be?

sometimes these views are advanced with all the thunders of an angry prophet; sometimes, more in sorrow than in anger, it is suggested that woman will sooner or later return to weep on the breast of man, and beg to be allowed, like katharine, the[144] shrew, to lay her hand beneath his foot. to do otherwise would argue in the fair sex (to use the denunciatory language of sir james fitzjames stephen) a “base, mutinous disposition,” which we sincerely hope she has not. in the words of mr. garvin (pall mall gazette, 30th july 1913), “we can only hope that, whatever the woman of the future may prove to be, some of the womanliness which we knew when victoria was queen will remain in her, and that, when the first force of revolt is spent, she will once more realise the full glory of wifehood and motherhood. on that point we have no great fear, for, whatever her vagaries, woman will remain woman at heart.” i should like to rescue this exquisite piece of fatuity from oblivion, to make merry the hearts of future generations of men and women.

now, as regards genius, we may know how much genius women have in some hundreds of years, when they have been free to develop according to their natures. the kind of emotional tyranny to which women have been subjected is the most crushing of all, and men have never had to undergo this particular sort of tyranny, so that it is not in the least true to say that if women had had any genius it would have overcome tyranny, as men’s genius has done. no man has ever known what it is to be born of the more sensitive, sympathetic, conscientious and affectionate sex, and to be reared in an atmosphere where insult and hate followed on any expression of genius, where cold discouragement was the best that a woman could[145] expect from her own people, and where the wooing from her own work has taken that most insidious of all forms for duty-loving woman—the claims of others to her care and service. those who hold the theory of the norm would, however, exclaim “god forbid that women should become geniuses! we don’t like women geniuses, and, moreover, genius will interfere with motherhood.” if one of the necessities for genius is intense egotism (because no great work can be done without intense concentration, and this is impossible if the attention is perpetually switched off in order to do other people’s bidding), there is something to be said for the notion that genius will interfere with motherhood; that is to say, with the capacity or the desire of the genius to fulfil the ordinary functions of motherhood. it is a common assertion that a woman fulfils herself completely in motherhood, but this is manifestly not true of the woman who wants to think about the higher mathematics, or who has a genius for organising masses. this does not dismay me at all. why, after all, should the genius be a mother? and if she be, could she not find motherly women to bring up the children? it is mere delusion to insist that in all cases, without exception, the mother is the best person to tend the babies, and no one even suggests that the mother should be the sole educator of children when they have passed babyhood. i am not apprehensive that the mass of women will ever become geniuses and so cease to provide the men[146] and women of the future. it seems clear to common sense that geniuses will be few, and that it is mere cant for men, who contemplate quite serenely the existence of several million spinsters in england, to cry out in dismay at the notion of a singular genius, here and there, as the mysterious forces of nature may provide. the existence of these millions of spinsters is an exceedingly serious matter, because many of them probably desire intensely to be mothers, and would be good ones; but it is only when the egoistic man fears that the unmated woman may be active and content, that his sensitive vanity is up in arms, and he is dismayed at the notion of a woman, of her free choice, forgoing man. he is content there should be millions of spinsters, if only they are unhappy.

perhaps a eugenist will here intervene and say that we want the best women to be mothers, and therefore the potential genius should sacrifice her individual opportunity, in order to become the possible mother of male geniuses. but it will not be easy to persuade the woman of the future that she should resist the inspiration which she knows she feels, in order to produce children who may not, and, in fact, probably will not, possess the inspiration. it is very natural for man to say to woman, “you shall give me not only your love, you shall give me your genius”; but she cannot do it, for in the very dark and difficult problems which heredity presents to us, it is rare indeed to find a genius the son of a genius. if george sand[147] and elizabeth barrett browning had never written a line, we may doubt exceedingly whether the work of maurice or of robert barrett would have been any better than it was. i once heard a youthful politician, now in parliament, gravely oppose the eligibility of women to parliament, on the ground that, if women went into parliament, their babies would tumble into the fire. now, quite apart from the circumstance that very few of the wives of existing members of parliament act all day and night as fireguards, there was this absurdity that there are only six hundred and seventy members of parliament, and, if they were every one of them women, there would still be many millions of mothers left to look after the babies. it might—we may grant this to the alarmists—be very uncomfortable if all women were, or tried to be, geniuses and members of parliament, but the mere fact that they are not forbidden will not make them all throw their energies in these directions, any more than it afflicts men so.

like so much of the talk about women, this about genius is very little relevant to any practical problem. even if it were true that women had never shown, and never would show, genius in art or abstract science, this is no reason for preventing them from using what ability they have in the directions they prefer, and it seems very likely that they have genius in directions hitherto almost forbidden to them; i mean in organisation, and leadership, and in the power to govern. they[148] have certainly demonstrated their possession of many of the qualities upon which the strength of the community is founded, and it is to the advantage of the community that they should be allowed the free exercise of those qualities.

reactionary men of science try to frighten us, however, by maintaining that the energetic use of any of woman’s strength is contrary to healthy and efficient motherhood. they go on making these assertions, in spite of the fact that women who live a laborious life, provided they are not starved or neglected when they bring forth children, do it with far greater ease than women who live in luxury and idleness. they talk of metabolism and the necessity of a young girl storing up nourishment during the years of her adolescence, as if a human creature were nothing but a chemical factory and warehouse rolled into one. by the persistent and wilful neglect of the mind, they are able to arrive at the most astounding conclusions, and one wishes one could send them back half a century to the nursery of those days, and make them learn that “satan finds some mischief still for idle hands to do.” it is not only idle hands, but idle hearts and minds that are a danger. if a girl’s mind is caged and her education concentrated upon sex, it is not mothers you are rearing, but lunatics, deficients, hystericals, and an?mics. the people who talk as if a girl should be trained from childhood up for motherhood, quite overlook the very real possibility of tiring out the instinct[149] before its time of fruition. there are very many girls who would have had quite a healthy and natural fondness for babies, but who have had the feeling literally worn out by premature exercise or by sentimental pawing. a girl-child is not a small woman, and just as we should all disapprove any attempt to make “little fathers” of the boys, so we should disapprove the unhealthy endeavour to make “little mothers” of the girls. if there is something pathetic about the small girl drudge, stunted with carrying about heavy babies, there is something peculiarly offensive about the prim little girl who rebukes her brothers for tearing their clothes or dirtying their hands, when she ought herself to be likewise engaged.

from the census reports it appears that in england and wales there are nearly three and a half million spinsters over twenty years of age; many of these will never marry, and the cruelty of bringing them up to a vocation, which they will never be called upon to fulfil, should be repugnant to all decent feeling, even if it would not in itself constitute a danger. such considerations do not trouble the sciolist with a theory to run, for he calls the maidens a “superfluous portion of the population,” or “waste products of our female population,”[5] and proceeds to talk as if they could be set aside. but this piece of podsnappery would bring its own punishment, if it were widely adopted, for undoubtedly the parasitic woman would be,[150] in the future, as she has been in the past, the most deadly enemy of man. the only sex-antagonism that really exists is that arising from the attempts of one sex to repress or to get the better of the other. there is, in fact, absolutely no practicable issue for this way of thinking except the simple plan of the lethal chamber for the “waste products.”

the training of women as breeders only, would involve the complete subjection of women to men, and consequently their complete dependence on men; it would involve the return to pre-factory days (in itself, perhaps, no bad thing, only no one knows how to do it), and to a state of things which has been partly remedied by the married women’s property and custody of children acts; a state in which it was possible to pass and to administer the infamous contagious diseases acts. it would mean that women would no longer have university education and would be compelled, as they used to be, to accept the assertions of men with regard to the state of the law and the construction of their own bodies. it means the withdrawal of women from the work of local councils and poor law administration, from inspection, and from teaching. it means a state of things which has never existed anywhere on this earth, and to avoid which most women would prefer a thousand deaths. all this for the purpose of producing finer children; but since the girl children would be of use only for further breeding purposes, one may say that[151] women would make all these tremendous sacrifices for the sake of producing finer men. it is a stiff demand to make even of the self-sacrificing sex! but would it have the anticipated results?

the question brings us to the well-fought battle-ground of breeding versus environment. when a suffragist procession in the states carried a banner declaring, “we prepare our children for the world; we must prepare the world for our children,” there was an outcry from some scientific persons, saying that that put the whole fallacy into a nutshell: the first was woman’s job, the second was man’s. it was for woman to breed the good child, and for man to make the good environment. a manufacturing nation still thrills responsive to the call for further division of labour; that is to say, the dominant class, the employers do. but can we really produce a human being on the same system as we produce the pin beloved of early economists? let us look a little further. even if we make the huge admission that a woman, a human being after all, with a mind, to say nothing of a soul, would retain her bodily and mental health under so hideous a system,—can this woman produce a good child all by herself? does it not matter in the least who is the father of the child? whether he has clean blood, and is of good stock? what of the racial poisons which a man may inherit, but may also acquire in the course of a misspent life? it is clear that the woman will have to select her mate, but how is a woman in subjection to do this? so[152] that the first part of the division of labour manifestly cannot take place. the man must take part in preparing our children for the world. can we really say that man alone does or can prepare the world for our children? it is too late in the day to tell us that, when every year that passes shows us more plainly the injurious effects upon the race of the industrial system, which is so largely the product of men’s minds, and of the great social evils which were treated of in chapters x. and xi., and which men have so largely agreed to consider “necessary.” the theory of the cow-woman, who shall do nothing but bear and suckle babies, is not, as some people would have us believe, a revival of what once was and may be again. it never was. the masses of women have always worked very hard indeed. nor will women be brought to accept it for the future. degraded as women often have been, they have always had the one safeguard of work, even if it were not the work they would have chosen, and may have had to be done under unfavourable conditions. in complex modern society the work of women is even more necessary than in simpler days; only now there is more need than ever there was of intelligence, adaptability, scientific knowledge and organisation among women, for they cannot even be efficient mothers under modern conditions if their minds do not keep pace with knowledge and the arts of living.

important, even of vital importance, as the work of physical motherhood is, and disastrous as everyone[153] must admit would be any social developments which impaired this, it is a monstrous distortion to talk as if physical motherhood were the only work of women. the maidens, the widows, the women who are having no more children, have endless natural spheres of usefulness and happiness, if only men will leave them free. there is a good deal to be said for the view that a large number of unmarried women were needed to get the women’s movement well going. as a matter of fact, the leaders of the three chief suffrage societies are married women, and there are of course a very large number of wives in the women’s movement; but women with young children can scarcely see the wood for the trees, and such a gigantic piece of work as the organisation of the hitherto unorganised half of humanity has been one which has, of necessity, taken all the time and energy of very many women. never again, in all probability, will there be such need for many women who can travel light. it is admitted that marriage may often be a brake on the man pioneer; much more must it be so for the woman pioneer. it will not take us a hundredth part of the time to use our liberty that it has taken to win our liberty. many a man, one is proud to record, has done his utmost to strengthen the hands of his wife in the movement which they both believe in; but the husband is not unknown who likes to see all the other women progressive, only not his wife. and, of course, there are very many mothers whose children absorb, while they are[154] young, the greater part of their energies. children grow up and the mothers very often have two-score years to put in after the babies have left off coming. as women’s lives widen, there will be fewer of the mothers who bore their grown-up sons and nag their grown-up daughters. the work of such experienced matrons in the great organised work of mothering, care committees, schools for mothers, guardians of the poor, education authorities, is invaluable. but so long as the idiotic restrictions upon the civic work of women exist, and so long as women have not the means of independence, this work will still only be done by few of those who could do it so well. and the rest will still be like paddle-wheels out of water, wasting energy in a great whirring.

the men who speak of the maidens as waste products might also be invited to consider the millions of unmarried men, and to ask themselves whether these men really could marry, and whether there are not already very many men, who can marry only because they have devoted sisters who shoulder the burden of the old folk and the invalids; nay, more, who help, out of their difficult earnings, to keep their nephews and their nieces.

the conclusion is that not men alone, and not women alone, can either prepare children for the world or the world for children. but both together can. the analogy of division of labour won’t work when it is human beings that are being made. “male and female created he them,” and both are[155] indispensable. therefore both must be equipped with knowledge and given liberty.

“what will the women do then?” cry the faithless. nobody knows, and that is one of the things that make life so hugely interesting.

“… that roar,

‘what seek you?’ is of tyrants in all days.”