i was strolling with some friends up a lovely avenue in the bush this afternoon, when a quite unexpected experience befell us. on either side of the narrow track the tall trees jostled each other at such close quarters that, when we looked up, only a ribbon of sky could be seen above our heads. the tree-tops almost arched over us. straight before us was a hill surmounted by a number of gigantic blue-gums, only one or two of which were visible in the limited section of the landscape which the foliage about us permitted us to survey. as we sauntered leisurely along the leafy path, thinking of anything but the objects immediately surrounding us, we were suddenly startled by a loud and ominous creaking and straining. looking hastily up, we saw one of the giant trees falling, and describing in its fall an enormous arc against the clear sky ahead of us. what a crash as the toppling monster strikes the tree-tops among which it falls! what a thud as the huge thing hits the ground! what a roar as it rolls over the hill, bearing down all lesser growths before it! our first impression was that the tree had 228been reduced by natural forces; but we soon discovered that it had been deliberately destroyed! the men were already at work upon a second magnificent fellow; and we waited until he too was prostrate.

nothing in the solar system suggests such a mixture of emotion as the felling of a great tree. in a way, it is pleasant and exhilarating, or why was mr. gladstone so fond of the exercise? and why were we so eager to stay until the second tree was down? richard jefferies, who hated to destroy things, and often could not bring himself to pull the trigger of his gun, nevertheless felt the fascination of the axe. ‘much as i admired the timber about the chace,’ he says, ‘i could not help sometimes wishing to have a chop at it. the pleasure of felling trees is never lost. in youth, in manhood, so long as the arm can wield the axe, the enjoyment is equally keen. as the heavy tool passes over the shoulder, the impetus of the swinging motion lightens the weight, and something like a thrill passes through the sinews. why is it so pleasant to strike? what secret instinct is it that makes the delivery of a blow with axe or hammer so exhilarating?’ what indeed! for certainly a wild delight makes the heart beat faster, and sends the blood bounding through the veins, as one sees the axes flash, the chips fly, the gash grow deeper, and 229notices at last the first slow movement of the glorious tree.

and yet i confess that, mixed with this pungent sense of pleasure, there was a still deeper emotion. the thing seems so irreparable. it is easy enough to destroy these monarchs of the bush, but who can restore them to their former grandeur? it must have been this sense of sadness that led beaconsfield—gladstone’s famous protagonist—to ordain in his will that none of his beloved trees at hughenden should ever be cut down. how long had these trees stood here, these two giants that had been in a few moments reduced to humiliating horizontality? i cannot tell. they must have been here when all these hills and valleys were peopled only by the aboriginals. they saw the black man prowl about the bush. from the hill here, overlooking the bay, they must have seen captain cook’s ships cast anchor down the stream. they watched the coming of the white men; they saw the convict ships arrive with their dismal freight of human wretchedness; they witnessed the swift and tragic extermination of the native race; they beheld a nation spring into being at their feet! did the great trees know that, as the white men exterminated the black men, so the white men would exterminate them? did they feel that the coming of those strange vessels up the bay sealed 230their own doom? before the new-comers could build their homes, or lay out their farms, or plant their orchards, they must make war on the trees with fire and axe. homes and nations can only be built by sacrifice, and the trees are the innocent victims.

i suppose that the sadness arises partly from the fact that the forest is man’s oldest and most faithful friend, and one towards whom he is inclined to turn with ever-increasing reverence and affection as the years go by. with the advance of the years we all turn wistfully back to the things that charmed our infancy, and the race obeys that selfsame primal law. almost every nation on the face of the earth traces its history back to the forest primaeval. from the forest we sprang; and by the forest we were originally sustained. and even when at length the primitive race issued from those leafy recesses and devoted itself to agriculture and to commerce, men still regarded their ancient fastnesses as the storehouse from which they drew everything that was essential to their progress and development. man found the forest his warehouse, his factory, his armoury, his all. with logs that he felled in the bush he built his first primitive home; out of branches that he tore from the trees he fashioned his first implements and tools; and when the tranquillity that brooded over his pastoral simplicity 231was broken by the shout of discord and the noise of tumult, it was to those selfsame woods that he rushed for his first crude weapons of defence. architecture, agriculture, invention, and military ingenuity have each of them made enormous strides since then; but it was in the bush that each of these potent makers of our destiny was born. and did not john smeaton confess that he borrowed from the graceful curve of the oak as it rises from the ground the main idea that characterized the construction of the eddystone lighthouse? whenever the architect, the farmer, the inventor, or the soldier desires to visit the scenes amidst which his craft spent its earliest infancy, it will be to the forest primaeval that he will turn his steps. of medicine, too, the same may be said; for, in those long and leisured days of sylvan quiet, men learned the secrets of the bark and discovered the healing virtues that slept in the swaying leaves; and straightway the forest became a pharmacy. when, exhausted by his labour, or enervated by unaccustomed conditions, his health failed him, man resorted for his first drugs and tonics to his ancient home among the trees. indeed, he still returns to the forest to be nursed and tended in his hour of sickness.

those who have read gene stratton porter’s harvester know what wonders lurk in the woods. the harvester lived away in the forest, and from 232bark and gum and sap and leaf he collected the tonics and anodynes and stimulants that he sold to the chemists in the great cities. and after awhile every tree that he felled seemed to him such a wealthy store of healing virtue that, when he began to think of his dream-girl and his future home, he could scarcely bring himself to build his cabin out of logs that were so overflowing with medicinal properties. he was in love, and all the tumultuous emotions awakened by that great experience were surging through his veins; and yet it seemed to him an act of sacrilege to cut chairs and tables out of such sacred things as trees! he apologetically explained the delicacy of the situation to each oak and ash before lifting his axe against it.

‘you know how i hate to kill you!’ he said to the first one he felled. ‘but it must be legitimate, you know, for a man to take enough trees to build a home. and no other house is possible for a creature of the woods but a cabin, is it? the birds use the material they find here; and surely i have a right to do the same. nothing else would serve, at least for me. i was born and reared here, and i’ve always loved you!’

but for all that, he felt, as the fragrant chips flew in all directions, just as a man might feel who killed a pet lamb for the table; and the harvester could scarcely reconcile himself to his iconoclastic work. 233in medicine woods he had learned the awful sanctity of the forest, the forest that was the home and nurse and mother of us all, and it seemed to him a dreadful thing to slay a tree. frazer tells us in his golden bough that the ojibwa indians very rarely cut down green or living trees; they fancy that it puts the poor things to such pain. and some of their medicine men aver that, with their mysterious powers of hearing, they have heard the wailing and the screaming of the trees beneath the axe. mr. adams, too, in his israel’s ideal, has reminded us that, in eastern africa, the destruction of the cocoanut-tree is regarded as a form of matricide, since that tree gives men life and nourishment as a mother does her child. the early greek philosophers, aristotle and plutarch, watching the rustling of the leaves and the swaying of the graceful branches, came to the conclusion that trees are sentient things possessed of living souls. and, in his tales for children, tolstoy makes as pathetic a scene out of the death of a great tree as many a novelist makes out of the death of a gallant hero.

now it must have been out of this strange feeling—this dim consciousness of a sacredness that haunted the leafy solitudes—that man came to regard the forest with superstitious gratitude and veneration. the bush represented to him the source of all his supplies, the reservoir that met all his demands, 234the means of all healing, and the very fountain of life. and so he plunged into the depths of the forest and erected his temples there; in its shady groves he reared his solemn altars; in its leafy glades he built his shrines; and the imagery of the forest wove itself into the vocabulary of his devotion. the representation of a sacred tree occurs repeatedly, carved upon the stony ruins of egyptian, assyrian, and phoenician temples, and herodotus more than once remarks upon the frequency of tree-worship among the ancient peoples. pliny, too, marvelled at the reverence which the druids felt for the oak, and, in a scarcely less degree, for the holly, the ash, and the birch. and what stirring passages those are in which george borrow describes the weird rites and dark symbolism of the gipsies as they worshipped at dead of night in the fearsome recesses of the pine forests of spain!

it is really not surprising that this haunting sense of sanctity in the woods should lead man to worship there. even emerson felt that—

the gods talk in the breath of the woods,

they talk in the shaken pine.

and the harvester himself found the forest to be instinct with moral and spiritual potencies. ‘you not only discover miracles and marvels in the woods,’ he said, ‘but you get the greatest lessons taught 235in all the world ground into you early and alone—courage, caution, and patience.’ here, then, we have the trees as teachers and preachers, and many a man has learned the deepest lessons of his life at the feet of these shrewd and silent philosophers. what about brother lawrence, whose practice of the presence of god has become one of the church’s classics? ‘the first time i saw brother lawrence,’ writes his friend, ‘was upon august 3, 1666. he told me that god had done him a singular favour in his conversion at the age of eighteen. it happened in this way. one winter morning, seeing a tree stripped of its leaves, and considering that within a little time the leaves would be renewed, and that after that the flowers and fruit would appear, he received a high view of the providence and power of god, which has never since been effaced from his soul.’ what god could do for the leafless tree, he thought, he could also do for him.

milton tells us that the forest, which has played so large a part in the development of this world, will flourish also in the next.

in heaven the trees

of life ambrosial fruitage bear, and vines

yield nectar.

and, having all this in mind, is it not pleasant to notice that the very last chapter of the bible tells 236of the tree that waves by the side of the river of life? there is something sacramental about trees. george gissing says that odysseus cutting down the olive in order to build for himself a home is a picture of man performing a supreme act of piety. ‘through all the ages,’ he says, ‘that picture must retain its profound significance.’ the trees of medicine woods yielded up their life to the harvester’s axe, that he and his dream-girl might dwell in security and bliss. and, on a green hill far away without a city wall, another tree was cut down years ago, that it might represent to all men everywhere the means of grace and the hope of glory. and even more than all the other trees, the leaves of that tree are for the healing of the nations.