excursion to berhut, on the south-eastern frontier of shoa.

i deemed it to be an object of great geographical importance that the flying survey of the kingdom of shoa should be completed by a visit to the country forming the boundary to the south-east, famous for its numerous volcanoes, recently in full activity, and hitherto untrodden in any part by european foot. a pretext presented itself in the existence of the wild buffalo in the lower districts; but it was necessary, in the first instance, to overcome the royal scruples, which opposed our attempting the chase of that animal. this i at length succeeded in doing; and the despot being made to comprehend that his children ran less risk of being demolished than he had formerly chosen to believe, vouchsafed the desired permission. the requisite instructions were issued to men in authority to promote the views of those “whom the king delighteth to honour;” and, preceded by queen besábesh, his majesty then set out on his annual visit to mésur méder.

“there is one point,” he observed, when we proceeded to take leave, “on which i wanted to consult you. the locusts are destroying the crops, and the priests have been unable by their prayers to arrest their progress. have you no medicine to drive them away?”

ayto wolda hana, under whose immediate orders are all the second-class governors in the realm, had received commands to summon to ankóber the misleyni (literally “like myself”) or vice-governor, of berhut and of the plains lying betwixt the casam and the háwash—a tract inhabited partly by the ada?el, whose nominal fealty is preserved through the influence of wulásma mohammad, and partly by the karaiyo galla, over whom the negoos asserts more substantial jurisdiction. but many days elapsed without the appearance of that worthy, whom his majesty had delegated to make efficient arrangements for our journey; and déftera séna, chief of the king’s scriveners, having, after twelve hours of close application, contrived to complete a written representation to the throne, a courier was despatched with it on horseback to the royal camp. no abyssinian will ever think of declaring himself the bearer of an express, unless pointedly questioned upon that head, nor will he then relinquish possession until distinctly ordered so to do. on the return of the special messenger, who had been three days absent on the service confided to him, i asked him for the answer, but my application was followed by none of the usual fumbling among the folds of his girdle for the tiny scroll in its wax envelope; and the caitiff was finally fain to confess, that on being summoned to the presence of his sovereign at mésur méder, and commanded to deliver up the document with which he had been charged, he for the first time recollected that it had been mislaid at ankóber!

but a peasant, who fortunately fell in with the missing parchment by the road-side, had carried it, in accordance with the immutable law of the realm, straightway to the king, who immediately, upon becoming aware of the contents, and long before déftera séna had completed a duplicate copy, deputed mamrie salomon, now chief of the eunuchs, to see his royal intentions on my behalf carried into instant effect. a number of tribute-bearers from berhut were on the point of returning to their district; they were forthwith pressed for the transportation of our baggage, and all minor difficulties being at length overcome, we quitted the capital on a cold morning towards the close of march.

immediately beyond the church dedicated to aboo, one of the most celebrated of abyssinian saints, the path struck off to the southward along the course of the airára, which, from the diminutive mill-stream of the cháka, soon assumes a more brawling demeanour, and receives numerous tributaries from the mountains on either side, its deep channel cutting so smoothly through the trap rock, as to wear the appearance of being artificially formed. this valley is extremely varied in width, extending in some parts from six to seven miles, whilst in others it is reduced to a mere ravine by the converging spurs of the two great ranges. throughout, the scenery is tame, the cliffs being flat and naked, and the vegetation restricted to a small scrubby species of dwarf acacia, interspersed with the euphorbia, styled kolquál—the charcoal obtained from which is preferred in the manufacture of gunpowder. but wheresoever the plough could be held, there the hand of industry had been busy, and for the first eight miles there was little uncultivated soil.

in these parts the rains descend with extreme violence; and having, in the first instance, scooped up and carried away all the rotten débris, each succeeding deluge has added its mining activity and perseverance, until the entire mountain range, for miles, presents the singular appearance of a succession of perfectly isolated cones, the apices of many being crowned by villages or by the dwellings of great men, whilst the sloping sides are smoothed and levelled with the utmost nicety. the valley is thickly peopled, flourishing hamlets peeping out in every direction; but, as in other parts of the country, the best of the land, whether arable or pasture, pertains to the crown—bukerfine, one of the richest farms in the district, having been conferred upon misht malafeya (i.e. “the lady excellent.”), a royal concubine, by whom the king has a favourite daughter.

many monasteries dotting the wooded peaks, are here visible in all the pride of place above the residence of the common herd—their localities no doubt tending to rivet the chains of the infatuated abyssinian. priestly intimations issuing from a temple often shrouded from human ken under impenetrable fog, are received with increased attention, and the thunder of excommunication commands utter abasement and prostration of spirit, when fulminated from these grand scenes of elementary strife. the revenues of many of the villages passed are appropriated to the service of the church; those of moi-amba, containing upwards of two hundred houses, being appropriated to the cathedral of saint michael in ankóber.

a few hours’ journey had substituted the heat of a tropical climate for the cool breezes of the mountains; and the momentarily increasing temperature afforded sufficient proof of the rapid declination of the route, even had it not led along the banks of the airára, which, having been crossed and recrossed a dozen times, was now tumbling down through a succession of foaming cascades, with a sound most refreshing to the ear. emerging at length from its walls of basalt, and joined by the kubánoo, bearing a large body of water from the west, it expands into a broad channel, and is employed in irrigating the extensive cotton plantations which every where abound on its borders. the stream is diverted by a simple pile of pebbles; but the elevated aqueducts, somewhat ingeniously termed masalel wahá, “the water-ladder,” are constructed with infinite care, and passing frequently along narrow ledges, are widened by means of wooden tressels supporting a trough of brushwood and shingle. a sufficient supply is thus raised to nurture the magnificent cotton plants, the stems of many of which measuring seven, eight, and nine inches in girth, support a crop that, on arriving at maturity, does justice to these gigantic proportions.

shortly after the accession of sáhela selássie, his majesty marched to the kubánoo, for the purpose of holding a conference with the ada?el; and his armoury being in those days by no means so well furnished as it now is, the array of old matchlocks was regarded by the moslems with the utmost contempt and derision. a rush was made during the night upon the royal camp—many of the christians were slain—and whilst the remnant, with their youthful sovereign, fled in dismay to the stronghold of the capital, the treacherous assailants returned undisturbed in triumph to their desert plains.

kittel yellish, the village at which we proposed to halt, had been represented by our guides to be situated within a very moderate march of ankóber; but the abyssinians possess not a better idea of the measure of distance than of the value of time; and, after eight hours passed in the saddle, we took refuge about sunset in the moslem hamlet of manyo, a cluster of huts crowning the summit of a cone, and overlooking a wild uncultivated tract, intersected by a labyrinth of tremendous ravines, arched over by the thorny branches of the acacia, and other vegetation of a strictly tropical aspect. swine, agazin, and some of the smaller species of antelope, here abound to such an extent, that the peasants attempt no crop but cotton, exchanging the raw material for what they need of other produce. the village was strongly fortified in all directions against the inroads of the leopard and hyena, by palisades enclosing a stiff thorn fence; and there being no room even for the smallest tent, we passed the night in a shed rudely thatched with the leaves of the papyrus, which would not have been tenable for five minutes in the alpine regions that we had quitted in the morning.