theological controversies.

ever since the arrival of the british embassy in shoa, the king’s attention had been occupied with controversies, which, during a period of sixty years, have perplexed the abyssinian divines. the doctrines which his majesty conceives to be most conducive to salvation are, unfortunately, diametrically opposed to the historical facts and clear evidence of the gospel; but as summary deposition and confiscation of property is the sure meed of heresy, he bids fair in due process of time to promulgate a most curious creed of his own.

at the expense of a bloody civil war, gondar, with gojam, damót, and all the south-western provinces of amhára, have long maintained the three births of christ—christ proceeding from the father from all eternity, styled “the eternal birth;” his incarnation, as being born of the holy virgin, termed his “second or temporal birth;” and his reception of the holy ghost in the womb, denominated his “third birth.” the tigré ecclesiastics, on the other hand, whose side is invariably espoused by the primate of ethiopia, deny the third birth, upon the grounds that the reception of the holy ghost cannot be so styled—the opinions of both parties being at variance with the belief of the occidental churches, which, on the evidence of the gospel, believe that our blessed saviour received the holy ghost at his baptism in his thirtieth year, immediately prior to the commencement of his preaching.

further, the gondar sectarians assert that christ received the holy ghost by the father, whilst those of tigré affirm that, being god himself, he gave the holy ghost unto himself. this creed has obtained for the latter faction the opprobrious epithet of kárra ha?manót, “the knife of the faith,” in allusion to their having lopped off an acknowledged scriptural truth.

asfa woosen, grandsire to sáhela selássie, being assured by his father confessor, a native of gondar, that in event of his embracing the doctrine of the three births, the district of morabeitie, already conquered by emmaha yasoos, but not at that period completely annexed to efát, should be permanently secured to him through the spiritual influence of the church, adopted it without hesitation. until within the last few years the belief was limited to the monarchs of shoa; but the hospitality of the reigning sovereign attracting to his dominions numerous visitors from the north and west of abyssinia, the latent flame was quickly fanned; and the dispute reaching a great height, was at length brought before the despot, who put an end to it by issuing a royal proclamation, under the solitary tree at angollála, “that he who should henceforth deny the three births of christ, should forfeit his property, and be banished the realm.”

aro?, a eunuch from gondar, shortly disseminated another curious doctrine, which asserts that the human soul possesses knowledge, fasts, and worships in the womb, and immediately on separation from the body renders an account on high. on the recent nomination of the alaka wolda georgis to be head of the church, and of kidána wold to be the alaka of debra libanos, three monks set out to gondar for the purpose of denouncing them, as being opposed to this creed. ras ali, erroneously concluding that they denied the three births, sent to sáhela selássie to inquire how it happened that he had seceded from the faith of his forefathers by the appointment of the two individuals in question. hereat the negoos waxing wroth, exclaimed, “am i then the vassal of ras ali, that he thus interrogates me?” but reflection showed him the propriety of avoiding a dispute which must have involved serious consequences, and with his usual temporising policy he sent a reply declaratory “that he had not abjured the belief of his ancestors.”

the monks of debra libanos having thus failed in their attempt to remove the newly-appointed alakas, next sought to accomplish their purpose by the establishment of their creed throughout the kingdom, and gaining numerous proselytes, the disputes had soon reached the climax. after fruitless efforts to satisfy the interests of all concerned, his majesty sought to escape participation in the quarrel, by referring the parties to gondar; but zenama work, the queen-dowager, well assured that ras ali and the head of the monks would decide against the sect whose doctrines she espoused, denied a passage through zalla dingai, and thus compelled the whole to return to ankóber.

as had been anticipated, this step resulted in the complete triumph of the gondar eunuch, and the consequent dismissal with disgrace of the alaka wolda georgis, chief of the church of shoa, the alakas of saint michael, saint george, aferbeine, kondie, arámba, debra berhán, and angollála; of the king’s confessor; of wolda ha?manót, great alaka of mans, chief of thirty-eight churches, styled bála wámber, “the master of the chair,” from his possessing the privilege of sitting in the royal presence on an iron stool; and of numerous other priests, whose property was confiscated by the crown, and who received sentence of banishment from the kingdom.

on the herald proclaiming under the palace gate at the capital that the belief of the knowledge of the human soul in the womb should henceforth be received by all classes, under similar pains and penalties, public thanksgivings were offered in the victorious churches; and the priests, forming triumphant processions through every street of the town, chanted psalms amid the shrill acclamations of the women, and the din of the sacred drums. the defeated party, on the other hand, complained loudly that they had been dismissed without an impartial hearing; the monarch having simply observed that the fact of their not proceeding to gondar, as commanded to do, sufficiently proved their error. this they disclaimed, and after requesting to be convinced upon the scriptures, added, “will the king adjudge the faith as he adjudges moveables and lands?” but the despot cut the matter short in these words:—“enough, you are dismissed; and since you will not receive the faith of my forefathers, by their manes, and by the holy trinity, i swear that you may beg your bread through the land, rather than that one of your creed should be received again into the bosom of the church.”

the success of the debra libanos sectarians was speedily followed by discussions relative to the equal adoration due to the holy virgin and her son, whilst the despotic and ill-advised proceedings of his majesty raised a storm throughout the entire realm. the ban of excommunication was instantly resorted to—the curse of the church was pronounced upon the triumphant party—the priests who passed it, after having been seized and compelled to accord absolution, were expelled the kingdom—and a brave and courageous leader seemed alone wanting, to induce those who had been defeated to raise the standard of revolt once more in a religious war.