territories of the danákil débeni—suggadéra, murrah, dúddee, and gobaad.

some hours before dawn on the 12th, the káfilah was again loaded and in motion across a low belt of stony eminences which gradually descend to the kóri wady, a long water-course, varying in width from two to four hundred yards. threading the moist channel of this stream, where the foot often absolutely left an impression on the sand, and passing the watering pool of leilé, the road ascended a deep valley to the halting ground at suggadéra, in the country of the danákil débeni. the entire borders were flanked by dwarf palms and drooping tamarisk, bounded by low hills with cliffs of conglomerate and sandstone, which disclosed dykes of porphyry at an acute angle. flocks of goats, diligently browsing on the fat pods which fall at this season from the acacia, were tended by ancient bedouin crones in greasy leathern petticoats, who plaited mats of the split date-leaf; whilst groups of men, women, and children, lining the eminences at every turn, watched the progress of the stranger party.

a pastoral race, and subsisting chiefly upon the fermented juice of the palm, and upon the milk derived from numerous flocks of sheep and goats, or from a few breeding camels, the débeni, a division of the danákil, are during certain months of the year engaged in the transportation of salt from the deadly bahr assál to the muda?to town of aussa, where it is bartered for grain. architecture affords no term applicable to a structure of any kind inferior to a hut or hovel, or it might with propriety be applied to the base jumble of rough stone and shavings of the date stalk, tenanted by these nomade savages, who are divided into clans, and have no fixed habitations. nevertheless there was something cheering in the aspect even of these frail edifices, the first human tenement which had greeted the eye since leaving the sea-coast, now ninety miles distant. bare, desolate, and fiery, the entire intervening tract, although infested by the lurking robber and the midnight assassin, may be pronounced in all its sultry parts, utterly unfitted for the location of man.

water of rather an improved description was obtained at suggadéra, under basaltic rock, stained green by carbonate of copper. but not a particle of forage was to be had; and the heat, reflected from a pebbly hill beneath which the tent was erected, brought the mercury in the thermometer to 118 degrees, during the greater portion of the day; and the evil appearance of the place, surrounded by gloomy hills cast into the deepest shadow, led to the maintenance of a vigilant watch during the dark night.

although disturbed at the early hour of 2 a.m., and denied further repose save on the bare ground, the loss of a camel, which was not recovered until late, so far retarded advance, that only four miles were achieved on the 13th. the road continued to wind with a gentle ascent along the bed of the wady kóri, the hills gradually diminishing in apparent height until they merged into the elevated plain of murrah, which exhibited pebbles of pink quartz, with a few scanty tufts of sweet-scented grass, yellow and withered. here, at the distance of two miles from a puddle of dirty rain-water, in defiance of the impotent ras el káfilah, the camel-drivers, who studiously avoid trees and the vicinity of a pool, resolved to halt, as being a place after their own hearts.

in the dry water-course just left, the chirruping of some solitary hermit bird, and the bursting bud of a certain dwarf shrub which clothed the borders, agreeably reminded the traveller of more favoured climes. but most completely was the illusion dispelled by the forbidding aspect of the sultry plain of murrah. monotonous fields strewn with black boulders, glaring in the sun, distressed the gaze wheresoever it was turned—each cindery mass seeming as though it had been showered down during a violent eruption of some neighbouring volcano; although, on nearer inspection, it proved to be the time-worn fragment of an extensive lava sheet. the bare stony plain was decorated with numerous cairns, marking deeds of treachery and blood; and at the distance of twenty miles rose a lofty range of hot table-land, behind which the abyssinian river háwash is lost in the great lake at aussa.

the presence at the watering-place of a host of wild bedouins, whose appearance was far from prepossessing, again induced the cautious elders to anticipate an attack; and the camp occupying a very unfavourable position for warlike operations, no little difficulty was experienced in making defensive dispositions. a gloomy black hill threw its impenetrable shadow immediately in front; and on the flank, a pile of half-ruined sheepfolds, constructed of blocks of lava, afforded extensive concealment. the night however passed away without any alarm, and the intense heat of the day giving place to a somewhat cooler atmosphere, admitted of sleep by turns in some comfort—parties of the danákil escort contriving by chanting their wild war-chorus, to keep their heavy eyes longer open than usual.

an hour after midnight the loading commenced, and the steep rocky hill having been surmounted by a path strewed with loose stones, a terrace of slow ascent, presenting the same dreary appearance of rocks and lava boulders, continued during the residue of the moon’s reign. at break of day, however, the aspect of the country began rapidly to improve. gaining the higher and more salubrious level of gulámo, the bare sterile land, strewed with black blocks of lava which tore the feet with their jagged edges, was fast giving place to sandy plains covered with dry yellow grass—a most welcome prospect for the exhausted cattle. heretofore, saving in the wadys, no tree had been seen except small stunted leafless acacias, few and far between, and scarcely deserving of the name. several small ravines were now choked with continuous groves, and a mountain stream termed cheka?to, which rises in the country of the eesah, and in the rainy season disembogues into the lake at aussa, was thickly clothed on both sides with green belts of tamarisk, wild caper, and other wood, overhung with creeping parasites, and affording food and shelter to birds. the pensile nests of the long-tailed loxia depended from the boughs; and whilst the stems, covered with drift to the height of fifteen feet, gave evidence of a headlong course during the rains, water, even at this season, was here and there to be obtained.

heaps of loose stones thrown carelessly together, mark in almost every direction the spot where the victim lies who has been cut off by some cold-blooded miscreant—melancholy monuments connected each with a tale of assassination. but on the banks of the cheka?to many acres of ground are covered with stones of memorial, such as were raised over absalom, and over achan the king of ai, each surrounded by a circular cordon which bears the stamp of high antiquity, and has evidently witnessed the passage of ages. these sepulchres are said to cover the bones of the heroes who fell in a battle fought on the spot at the period that the country was first wrested from the shepherds. “hai,” the designation of the spot itself, is applied also to the entire surrounding district, which is stated to have been formerly peopled by the gitteréza, a gigantic pastoral race, who, under the chief sango, were at enmity with all the surrounding tribes, but are now extinct.

after five times crossing the serpentine bed to the point of junction with the sagulli, where ostriches cropped the grass around numerous deserted sheep-pens, the caravan finally halted at dúddee, no great distance from ramudéle. for days together the pilgrimage had led across dreary and desolate wastes, and through sterile ravines where no verdure relieved the eye, no melody broke upon the ear, and so few living creatures were to be seen, that the unwonted appearance of a solitary butterfly which had become bewildered in the desert, was duly hailed as an event. the general character is that of a stern wilderness, parched by the intolerable heat of a vertical sun blazing in fierce refulgence over the naked landscape, of which the chief varieties consist in immense plains of dry cracked mud, or in barren rocks towering towards an unclouded and burning sky. the utter sterility of the soil is rather marked than alleviated by occasional sickly plants of most puny growth, and by the scanty verdure of the few valleys wherein water is to be found, generally in a state of stagnation. but at dúddee, forage and fuel were abundant. the water obtained by digging in the channel of the stream was no longer brackish. the heat, although the thermometer rose to 110 degrees, was infinitely more endurable than it had hitherto proved; and the insatiable thirst by which all had been incessantly tormented on the lower ground, had well nigh disappeared.

a march of twelve miles over a succession of grassy plains, untenanted by man or beast, but presenting the first cone of the termites that had been seen, brought the party on the 15th to the enclosed valley of gobaad, a thousand and fifty-seven feet above the ocean. volcanic ashes, jasper, chalcedony, and quartz, strewed the sandy route, low volcanic ridges, of comparatively recent formation, intersecting the landscape from west to east. the encamping ground, among heaps of hard gravel, near which water was good and plentiful, had only two years previously formed the scene of the discomfiture of the ras el káfilah and his party, who had been plundered of all they possessed by two hundred and fifty mounted eesah. the recollection of the disaster being green in his memory, he had, before leaving dúddee, donned his folio korán, in the place of a duodecimo edition which previously graced his shoulder. this was a not-to-be-mistaken sign of “khouf fee” (i.e. there is danger to be apprehended) and with a terror-stricken face he now came to intimate, that the presence of a band of these lawless ruffians in the opposite hills, together with a gathering of the muda?to at the neighbouring pools of sábala and dagatéli, leaving no sort of doubt upon his mind of a meditated attack during the night, it behoved every man to be more than usually on the alert.

the equanimity of the brother of the sultán of tajúra was somewhat disturbed at the assurance in reply to this exhortation, that the danákil camel-owners were the thieves most to be dreaded, their dirty and dishonest fingers being unhesitatingly thrust into the bags of rice and dates, whensoever opportunity proved favourable; and that the hired escort, whose business it was to prevent this malappropriation of the property of the embassy, far from assisting to keep watch, left the duty to be performed by the europeans, and invariably went to sleep on their posts.

“not one of them shall close his eyes to-night, at all events,” grumbled the ras. “i shall myself superintend the business, and see to the safety of the camp; for, by the life of the prophet, this is an evil spot!”

as the red sun went down there was certainly a considerable display of erect spears; but their number gradually diminished as the night closed in; and when the ten o’clock sentry was relieved, izhák was snoring aloud, according to his wont, whilst each doughty warrior lay fast asleep, with his greasy head upon his shield, and his broad lance in the precise position that it assumed, when it fell from the relaxed grasp of the slumberer.