murder of callinicus, governor of cilicia—his property confiscated by justinian—theodora’s severe measures against prostitutes—she compels two girls of noble birth to marry—her frequent abortions—disappearance of her natural son, john—corrupt morals of the ladies of the capital—theodora disposes of ecclesiastical dignities—takes upon herself the general superintendence of marriages—adventure of saturninus—persecution of john of cappadocia.

as for the manner in which she treated belisarius, photius, and buzes, i have already spoken of it at the commencement of this work.

two cilicians, belonging to the blue faction, during a mutiny, laid violent hands upon callinicus, governor of the second cilicia, and slew his groom, who was standing near him, and endeavoured to defend his master, in the presence of the governor and all the people. callinicus condemned them to death, since they had been convicted of several other murders besides this. when theodora heard of this, in order to show her devotion to the party of the blues, she ordered that the governor, while he still held office, should be crucified in the place where the two offenders had been executed, although he had committed no crime. the emperor, pretending that he bitterly lamented his loss, remained at home, grumbling and threatening all kinds of vengeance upon the perpetrators of the deed. he did nothing, however; but, without scruple, appropriated the property of the dead man to his own use. theodora likewise devoted her attention to punishing those women who prostituted their persons. she collected more than five hundred harlots, who sold themselves for three obols in the market-place, thereby securing a bare subsistence, and transported them to the other side of the bosphorus, where she shut them up in the monastery of repentance, with the object of forcing them to change their manner of life. some of them, however, threw themselves from the walls during the night, and in this manner escaped a change of life so contrary to their inclinations.

there were at byzantium two young sisters, illustrious not only by the consulships of their father and grandfather, but by a long descent of nobility, and belonging to one of the chief families of the senate. they had married early and lost their husbands. theodora, charging them with living an immoral life, selected two debauchees from the common people and designed to make them their husbands. the young widows, fearing that they might be forced to obey, took refuge in the church of st. sophia, and, approaching the sacred bath, clung closely to the font. but the empress inflicted such privations and cruel treatment upon them, that they preferred marriage in order to escape from their immediate distress. in this manner theodora showed that she regarded no sanctuary as inviolable, no spot as sacred. although suitors of noble birth were ready to espouse these ladies, they were married against their will to two men, poor and outcast, and far below them in rank. their mother, who was a widow like themselves, was present at the marriage, but did not venture to cry out or express her sorrow at this atrocious act. afterwards, theodora, repenting of what she had done, endeavoured to console them by promoting their husbands to high offices to the public detriment. but even this was no consolation to these young women, for their husbands inflicted incurable and insupportable woes upon almost all their subjects, as i will describe later; for theodora paid no heed to the dignity of the office, the interests of the state, or any other consideration, provided only she could accomplish her wishes.

while still on the stage, she became with child by one of her friends, but did not perceive her misfortune until it was too late. she tried all the means she had formerly employed to procure abortion, but she was unable prematurely to destroy the living creature by any means whatsoever, since it had nearly assumed the form of a human being. therefore, finding her remedies unsuccessful, she abandoned the attempt, and was obliged to bring forth the child. its father, seeing that theodora was at a loss what to do, and was indignant because, now that she had become a mother, she was no longer able to traffic with her person as before, and being with good reason in fear for the child’s life, took it up, named it john, and carried it away with him to arabia, whither he had resolved to retire. the father, just before his death, gave john, who was now grown up, full information concerning his mother.

john, having performed the last offices for his dead father, some time afterwards repaired to byzantium, and explained the state of affairs to those who were charged with the duty of arranging admission to an audience with the empress. they, not suspecting that she would conceive any inhuman designs against him, announced to the mother the arrival of her son. she, fearing that the report might reach the ears of the emperor, ordered her son to be brought to her. when she saw him approaching, she went to meet him and handed him over to one of her confidants, whom she always intrusted with commissions of this kind. in what manner the unfortunate youth disappeared i cannot say. he has never been seen to this day—not even after his mother’s death.

at that time the morals of women were almost without exception corrupt. they were faithless to their husbands with absolute licence, since the crime of adultery brought neither danger nor harm upon them. when convicted of the offence, they escaped punishment, thanks to the empress, to whom they immediately applied. then, getting the verdict quashed on the ground that the charges were not proved, they in turn accused their husbands, who, although not convicted, were condemned to refund twice the amount of the dower, and, for the most part, were flogged and led away to prison, where they were permitted to look upon their adulterous wives again, decked out in fine garments and in the act of committing adultery without the slightest shame with their lovers, many of whom, by way of recompense, received offices and rewards. this was the reason why most husbands afterwards put up with unholy outrages on the part of their wives, and gladly endured them in silence in order to escape the lash. they even afforded them every opportunity to avoid being surprised.

theodora claimed complete control of the state at her sole discretion. she appointed magistrates and ecclesiastical dignitaries. her only care and anxiety was—and as to this she made the most careful investigation—to prevent any office being given to a good and honourable man, who might be prevented by his conscience from assisting her in her nefarious designs.

she ordered all marriages as it were by a kind of divine authority; men never made a voluntary agreement before marriage. a wife was found for each without any previous notice, not because she pleased him (as is generally the case even amongst the barbarians) but because theodora so desired it. brides also had to put up with the same treatment, and were obliged to marry husbands whom they did not desire. she often turned the bride out of bed herself, and, without any reason, dismissed the bridegroom before the marriage had been consummated, merely saying, in great anger, that she disapproved of her. amongst others whom she treated in this manner was leontius the “referendary,” and saturninus, the son of hermogenes the late master of offices, whom she deprived of their wives. this saturninus had a young maiden cousin of an age to marry, free-born and modest, whom cyrillus, her father, had betrothed to him after the death of hermogenes. after the bridal chamber had been made ready and everything prepared, theodora imprisoned the youthful bridegroom, who was afterwards conducted to another chamber, and forced, in spite of his violent lamentations and tears, to wed the daughter of chrysomallo. this chrysomallo had formerly been a dancer and a common prostitute, and at that time lived with another woman like her, and with indaro, in the palace, where, instead of devoting themselves to phallic worship and theatrical amusements, they occupied themselves with affairs of state together with theodora.

saturninus, having lain with his new wife and discovered that she had already lost her maidenhead, informed one of his friends that his wife was no virgin. when this reached the ears of theodora, she ordered the servants to hoist him up, like a boy at school, upbraiding him with having behaved too saucily and having taken an unbecoming oath. she then had him severely flogged on the bare back, and advised him to restrain his talkative tongue for the future.

in my former writings i have already related her treatment of john of cappadocia, which was due to a desire to avenge personal injuries, not to punish him for offences against the state, as is proved by the fact that she did nothing of the kind in the case of those who committed far greater cruelties against their subjects. the real cause of her hatred was, that he ventured to oppose her designs and accused her to the emperor, so that they nearly came to open hostilities. i mention this here because, as i have already stated, in this work i am bound to state the real causes of events. when, after having inflicted upon him the sufferings i have related, she had confined him in egypt, she was not even then satisfied with his punishment, but was incessantly on the look out to find false witnesses against him. four years afterwards, she succeeded in finding two of the green faction who had taken part in the sedition at cyzicus, and were accused of having been accessory to the assault upon the bishop. these she attacked with flattery, promises, and threats. one of them, alarmed and inveigled by her promises, accused john of the foul crime of murder, but the other refused to utter falsehoods, although he was so cruelly tortured that he seemed likely to die on the spot. she was, therefore, unable to compass the death of john on this pretext, but she caused the young men’s right hands to be chopped off—that of the one because he refused to bear false witness; that of the other, to prevent her intrigue becoming universally known, for she endeavoured to keep secret from others those things which were done in the open market-place.