departure of belisarius, accompanied by the “consular” photius, for the war against chosroes, king of persia—antonina remains at byzantium—her intrigues against photius—the latter denounces her adulterous intimacy with theodosius—indignation of belisarius—his agreement with photius—his vengeance postponed—entry of the roman army into persia—downfall of john the cappadocian—antonina’s perjuries—she sets out for the army—theodosius sent back to ephesus—capture of sisauranum—arrival of antonina—retirement of belisarius—arethas and the saracens—colchis or lazica invaded by chosroes—capture of petra—reverse sustained by chosroes—the huns defeated by valerian—insurrectionist movement amongst the persians—letter of theodora to zaberganes—return of chosroes to persia.

shortly afterwards belisarius was sent by the emperor to conduct the war against chosroes, and photius accompanied him. antonina remained behind, contrary to her usual custom; for, before this, she had always desired to accompany her husband on all his travels wherever he went, for fear that, when he was by himself, he might return to his senses, and, despising her enchantments, form a true estimate of her character. but now, in order that theodosius might have free access to her, antonina began to intrigue in order to get photius out of her way. she induced some of belisarius’s suite to lose no opportunity of provoking and insulting him, while she herself wrote letters almost every day, in which she continually slandered her son and set every one against him. driven to bay, the young man was forced to accuse his mother, and, when a witness arrived from byzantium who told him of theodosius’s secret commerce with antonina, photius led him straightway into the presence of belisarius and ordered him to reveal the whole story. when belisarius learned this, he flew into a furious rage, fell at photius’s feet, and besought him to avenge him for the cruel wrongs which he had received at the hands of those who should have been the last to treat him in such a manner. “my dearest boy,” he exclaimed, “you have never known your father, whoever he may have been, for he ended his life while you were still in your nurse’s arms; his property has been of little or no assistance to you, for he was by no means wealthy. bred under my care, though i was but your stepfather, you have now reached an age when you are capable of assisting me to avenge the wrongs from which i suffer. i have raised you to the consulship, and have heaped riches upon you, so that i may justly be regarded by you as your father, your mother, and your whole family; for it is not by the ties of blood but by deeds that men are accustomed to measure their attachment to each other. the hour has now come when you must not remain an indifferent spectator of the ruin of my house and of the loss with which i am threatened, of so large a sum of money, nor of the immeasurable shame which your mother has incurred in the sight of all men. remember that the sins of women reflect disgrace not only on their husbands, but also upon their children, whose honour suffers all the more because of their natural likeness to their mothers.

“be well assured that, for my own part, i love my wife with all my heart; and should it be granted to me to punish the dishonourer of my house, i will do her no hurt; but, as long as theodosius remains alive, i cannot condone her misconduct.”

on hearing these words photius replied that he would do all that he could to aid his stepfather, but, at the same time, he feared that he himself might come to some harm by so doing; for he was unable to feel any confidence in belisarius, because of his weakness of character, especially where his wife was concerned. he dreaded the fate of macedonia, and of many other victims. for this reason he insisted that belisarius should swear fidelity to him by the most sacred oaths known to christians, and they bound themselves never to abandon each other, even at the cost of their lives.

for the present, they both agreed that it would be unwise to make any attempt; and they resolved to wait until antonina had left byzantium to join them, and theodosius had returned to ephesus, which would give photius the opportunity of going thither and easily disposing of both theodosius and his fortune. they had just invaded the persian territory with all their forces, and during this time the ruin of john of cappadocia was accomplished at byzantium, as i have told in the former books of my history. i have there only been silent, through fear, on one point, that it was not by mere hazard that antonina succeeded in deceiving john and his daughter, but by numerous oaths, sworn on all that christians deem most holy, she made them believe that she intended to do them no harm.

after this, having risen greatly in favour with the empress, she sent theodosius to ephesus, and herself, foreseeing no trouble, set out for the east.

belisarius had just captured the fortress of sisauranum, when he was told of his wife’s arrival; whereupon he immediately ordered his army to turn back, disregarding the interests of the empire for the sake of his private feelings. certain matters had indeed happened, as i have already set forth, which made a retreat advisable, but his wife’s presence hastened it considerably. but, as i said at the beginning, i did not then think it safe to describe the real motives of men’s actions.

belisarius was reproached by all the romans for having sacrificed the interests of his country to his domestic affairs. the reason was that, in his first transport of passion against his wife, he could not bring himself to go far away from roman territory; for he felt that the nearer he was, the easier it would be for him to take vengeance upon theodosius, as soon as he heard of the arrival of antonina.

he therefore ordered arethas and his people to cross the river tigris, and they returned home, without having performed anything worthy of record, while he himself took care not to retire more than an hour’s journey from the roman frontier. the fortress of sisauranum, indeed, for an active man, is not more than a day’s journey from the frontier by way of nisibis, and only half that distance if one goes by another route. but had he chosen to cross the river tigris at first with all his host, i have no doubt that he would have been able to carry off all the riches of assyria, and extend his conquests as far as the city of ctesiphon, without meeting with any opposition. he might even have secured the release of the antiochians, and all the other romans who were there in captivity, before returning home.

furthermore, he was chiefly to blame for the extreme ease with which chosroes led his army home from colchis. i will now relate how this came to pass. when chosroes, the son of cabades, invaded colchis, with the result which i have recounted elsewhere, and took petra, the medes nevertheless sustained severe losses, both in battle and owing to the difficulties of the country; for, as i have said already, lazica is a country almost inaccessible, owing to its rocks and precipices. they had at the same time been attacked by pestilence, which carried off the greater part of the troops, and many died from want of food and necessaries. it was at this crisis of affairs that certain men from persia came into that country, bringing the news that belisarius had beaten nabedes in a battle near the city of nisibis, and was pressing forward; that he had taken the fortress of sisauranum, and had made prisoners of bleschames and eight hundred persian lancers; that another corps of romans under arethas, the chief of the saracens, had been detached to cross the tigris, and ravage the land to the east of that river, which up to that time had remained free from invasion.

it happened also that the army of huns, whom chosroes had sent into roman armenia, in order, by this diversion, to prevent the romans from hindering his expedition against the lazi, had fallen in with and been defeated by valerian, at the head of a roman army, and almost annihilated. when this news was brought to the persians, having been reduced to desperate straits by their ill success at lazica, they feared that, if an army should cut them off in their critical position, they might all die of hunger amidst the crags and precipices of that inaccessible country. they feared, too, for their children, their wives and their country; and all the flower of chosroes’ army railed bitterly at him for having broken his plighted word and violated the common law of nations, by invading a roman state in a most unwarrantable manner, in time of peace, and for having insulted an ancient and most powerful state which he would not be able to conquer in war. the soldiers were on the point of breaking out into revolt, had not chosroes, alarmed at the state of affairs, discovered a remedy for it. he read to them a letter which the empress had just written to zaberganes, in the following terms:

“you must know, o zaberganes, since you were ambassador at our court not long ago, that we are well disposed towards you, and that we do not doubt that you have our interests at heart. you will easily realise the good opinion which i have formed of you, if you will persuade king chosroes to maintain peaceful relations with our empire. i promise you, in that case, the fullest recompense on the part of my husband, who never does anything without my advice.”

when chosroes had read this, he reproachfully asked the spokesmen of the persians whether they thought that that was an empire which was managed by a woman, and thus managed to quell their impetuosity; but, nevertheless, he retired from his position in alarm, expecting that his retreat would be cut off by belisarius and his forces; but, as he found himself unopposed on his march, he gladly made his way home.