in january, 878, king alfred disappears from the eyes of saxon and northmen, and we follow him, by such light as tradition throws upon these months, into the thickets and marshes of selwood. it is at this point, as is natural enough, that romance has been most busy, and it has become impossible to disentangle the actual facts from monkish legend and saxon ballad. in happier[257] times alfred was in the habit himself of talking over the events of his wandering life pleasantly with his courtiers, and there is no reason to doubt that the foundation of most of the stories still current rests on those conversations of the truth-loving king, noted down by bishop asser and others.

the best known of these is, of course, the story of the cakes. in the depths of the saxon forests there were always a few neat-herds and swine-herds, scattered up and down, living in rough huts enough we may be sure, and occupied with the care of the cattle and herds of their masters. amongst these in selwood was a neat-herd of the king, a faithful man, to whom the secret of alfred’s disguise was intrusted, and who kept it even from his wife. to this man’s hut the king came one day alone, and, sitting himself down by the burning logs on the hearth, began mending his bows and arrows. the neat-herd’s wife had just finished her baking, and, having other household matters to attend to, confided her loaves to the king, a poor, tired looking body, who might be glad of the warmth, and could make himself useful by turning the batch, and so earn his share while she got on with other business. but alfred worked away at his weapons, thinking of anything but the good housewife’s batch of loaves, which in due course were not only done, but rapidly burning to a cinder. at this moment the neat-herd’s wife comes back, and flying to the hearth to rescue the bread, cries out, “d’rat the[258] man! never to turn the loaves when you see them burning. i’ze warrant you ready enough to eat them when they’re done.” but beside the king’s faithful neat-herd, whose name is not preserved, there are other churls in the forest, who must be alfred’s comrades just now if he will have any. and even here he has an eye for a good man, and will lose no opportunity to help one to the best of his power. such a one he finds in a certain swine-herd called denewulf, whom he gets to know, a thoughtful saxon man, minding his charge there in the oak woods. the rough churl, or thrall, we know not which, has great capacity, as alfred soon finds out, and desire to learn. so the king goes to work upon denewulf under the oak trees, when the swine will let him, and is well satisfied with the results of his teachings and the progress of his pupil.

but in those miserable days the commonest necessaries of life were hard enough to come by for the king and his few companions, and for his wife and family, who soon joined him in the forest, even if they were not with him from the first. the poor foresters cannot maintain them, nor are this band of exiles the men to live on the poor. so alfred and his comrades are soon foraging on the borders of the forest, and getting what subsistence they can from the pagan, or from the christians who had submitted to their yoke. so we may imagine them dragging on life till near easter when a gleam of good news comes up from the west, to gladden[259] the hearts and strengthen the arms of these poor men in the depths of selwood.

soon after guthrum and the main body of the pagans moved from gloster, southwards, the viking hubba, as had been agreed, sailed with thirty ships of war from his winter quarters on the south welsh coast, and landed in devon. the news of the catastrophe at chippenham, and of the disappearance of the king, was no doubt already known in the west; and in the face of it odda the alderman cannot gather strength to meet the pagans in the open field. but he is a brave and true man, and will make no term with the spoilers; so, with other faithful thegns of king alfred and their followers, he throws himself into a castle or fort called cynwith, or cynnit, there to abide whatever issue of this business god will send them. hubba, with the war-flag raven, and a host laden with the spoil of rich devon vales, appear in due course before the place. it is not strong naturally, and has only “walls in our own fashion,” meaning probably rough earth-works. but there are resolute men behind them, and on the whole hubba declines the assault, and sits down before the place. there is no spring of water, he hears, within the saxon lines, and they are otherwise wholly unprepared for a siege. a few days will no doubt settle the matter, and the sword or slavery will be the portion of odda and the rest of alfred’s men; meantime there is spoil enough in the camp from devonshire homesteads, which brave[260] men can revel in round the war-flag raven, while they watch the saxon ramparts. odda, however, has quite other views than death from thirst, or surrender. before any stress comes, early one morning, he and his whole force sally out over their earth-works, and from the first “cut down the pagans in great numbers;” eight hundred and forty warriors (some say one thousand two hundred), with hubba himself, are slain before cynnit fort; the rest, few in number, escape to their ships. the war-flag raven is left in the hands of odda and the men of devon.

this is the news which comes to alfred, ethelnoth the alderman of somerset, denewulf the swine-herd, and the rest of the selwood forest group, some time before easter. these men of devonshire, it seems, are still staunch, and ready to peril their lives against the pagans. no doubt up and down wessex, thrashed and trodden out as the nation is by this time, there are other good men and true, who will neither cross the sea or the welsh marches, nor make terms with the pagan; some sprinkling of men who will yet set life at stake, for faith in christ and love of england. if these can only be rallied, who can say what may follow? so, in the lengthening days of spring, council is held in selwood and there will have been easter services in some chapel, or hermitage, in the forest, or, at any rate in some quiet glade. the “day of days” will surely have had its voice of hope for this poor remnant. christ is[261] risen and reigns; and it is not in these heathen danes, or in all the northmen who ever sailed across the sea, to put back his kingdom, or enslave those whom he has freed.

the result is, that, far away from the eastern boundary of the forest, on a rising ground—hill it can scarcely be called—surrounded by dangerous marshes formed by the little rivers thone and parret, fordable only in summer, and even then dangerous to all who have not the secret, a small fortified camp is thrown up under alfred’s eye, by ethelnoth and the somersetshire men, where he can once again raise his standard. the spot has been chosen by the king with the utmost care, for it is his last throw. he names it the etheling’s eig or island, “athelney.” probably his young son, the etheling of england, is there amongst the first, with his mother and his grand-mother eadburgha, the widow of ethelred mucil, the venerable lady whom asser saw in later years, and who has now no country but her daughter’s. there are, as has been reckoned, some two acres of hard ground on the island, and around vast brakes of alder-bush, full of deer and other game. here the somersetshire men can keep up constant communication with him, and a small army grows together. they are soon strong enough to make forays into the open country, and in many skirmishes they cut off parties of the pagans, and supplies. “for, even when overthrown and cast down,” says malmesbury,[262] “alfred had always to be fought with; so then, when one would esteem him altogether worn down and broken, like a snake slipping from the hand of him who would grasp it, he would suddenly flash out again from his hiding-places, rising up to smite his foes in the height of their insolent confidence, and never more hard to beat than after a flight.”

but it was still a trying life at athelney. followers came in slowly, and provender and supplies of all kinds are hard to wring from the pagan, and harder still to take from christian men. one day, while it was yet so cold that the water was still frozen, the king’s people had gone out “to get them fish or fowl, or some such purveyance as they sustained themselves withal.” no one was left in the royal hut for the moment but himself and his mother-in-law, eadburgha. the king (after his constant wont whensoever he had opportunity) was reading from the psalms of david, out of the manual which he carried always in his bosom. at this moment a poor man appeared at the door and begged for a morsel of bread “for christ his sake.” whereupon the king, receiving the stranger as a brother, called to his mother-in-law to give him to eat. eadburgha replied that there was but one loaf in their store, and a little wine in a pitcher, a provision wholly insufficient for his own family and people. but the king bade her, nevertheless, to give the stranger part of the last loaf, which she accordingly did. but when he had been served, the[263] stranger was no more seen, and the loaf remained whole, and the pitcher full to the brim. alfred, meantime, had turned to his reading, over which he fell asleep and dreamed that st. cuthbert of lindisfarne stood by him, and told him it was he who had been his guest, and that god had seen his afflictions and those of his people, which were now about to end, in token whereof his people would return that day from their expedition with a great take of fish. the king awaking, and being much impressed with his dream, called to his mother-in-law and recounted it to her, who thereupon assured him that she too had been overcome with sleep, and had had the same dream. and while they yet talked together on what had happened so strangely to them, their servants came in, bringing fish enough, as it seemed to them, to have fed an army.

the monkish legend goes on to tell that on the next morning the king crossed to the mainland in a boat, and wound his horn thrice, which drew to him before noon five hundred men. what we may think of the story and the dream, as sir john spelman says, “is not here very much material,” seeing that whether we deem it natural or supernatural, “the one as well as the other serves at god’s appointment, by raising or dejecting of the mind with hopes or fears, to lead man to the resolution of those things whereof he has before ordained the event.”