the years 1848-9 had been years of revolution, and, as always happens at such times, the minds of men had been greatly stirred on many questions, and especially on the problem of the social condition of the great mass of the poor in all european countries. in paris, the revolution had been the signal for a great effort on the part of the workmen; and some remarkable experiments had been made, both by the provisional government of 1848 and by certain employers of labor, and bodies of skilled mechanics, with a view to place the conditions of labor upon a more equitable and satisfactory footing, or, to use the common phrase of the day, to reconcile the interests of capital and labor. the government experiment of “national workshops” had failed disastrously, but a number of the private associations were brilliantly successful. the history of some of these associations—of the sacrifices which had been joyfully made by the associates in order to collect the small funds necessary to start them—of the ability and[179] industry with which they were conducted, and of their marvellous effect on the habits of all those engaged in the work, had deeply interested many persons in england. it was resolved to try an experiment of the same kind in england, but the conditions were very different. the seed there had already taken root amongst the industrial classes, and the movement had come from them. in england the workpeople, as a rule, had no belief in association, except for defensive purposes. it was chiefly amongst young professional men that the idea was working, and it was necessary to preach it to those whom it most concerned. accordingly a society was formed, chiefly of young barristers, under the presidency of the late mr. maurice, who was then chaplain of lincoln’s inn, for the purpose of establishing associations similar to those in paris. it was called the society for promoting working men’s associations, and i happened to be one of the original members, and on the council. we were all full of enthusiasm and hope in our work, and of propagandist zeal: anxious to bring in all the recruits we could. i cannot even now think of my own state of mind at the time without wonder and amusement. i certainly thought (and for that matter have never altered my opinion to this day) that here we had found the solution of the great labor question; but i was also convinced that we had nothing to do but just to announce it, and found an association or two, in order to convert all england, and usher in the millennium[180] at once, so plain did the whole thing seem to me. i will not undertake to answer for the rest of the council, but i doubt whether i was at all more sanguine than the majority. consequently we went at it with a will: held meetings at six o’clock in the morning (so as not to interfere with our regular work) for settling the rules of our central society, and its off-shoots, and late in the evening, for gathering tailors, shoemakers, and other handicraftsmen, whom we might set to work; started a small publishing office, presided over by a diminutive one-eyed costermonger, a rough-and-ready speaker and poet (who had been in prison as a chartist leader), from which we issued tracts and pamphlets, and ultimately a small newspaper; and, as the essential condition of any satisfactory progress, commenced a vigorous agitation for such an amendment in the law as would enable our infant associations to carry on their business in safety, and without hindrance. we very soon had our hands full. our denunciations of unlimited competition brought on us attacks in newspapers and magazines, which we answered, nothing loth. our opponents called us utopians and socialists, and we retorted that at any rate we were christians; that our trade principles were on all-fours with christianity, while theirs were utterly opposed to it. so we got, or adopted, the name of christian socialists, and gave it to our tracts, and our paper. we were ready to fight our battle wherever we found an opening, and got support from the most unexpected[181] quarters. i remember myself being asked to meet archbishop whately, and several eminent political economists, and explain what we were about. after a couple of hours of hard discussion, in which i have no doubt i talked much nonsense, i retired, beaten, but quite unconvinced. next day, the late lord ashburton, who had been present, came to my chambers and gave me a cheque for ￡50 to help our experiment; and a few days later i found another nobleman, sitting on the counter of our shoemakers’ association, arguing with the manager, and giving an order for boots.

it was just in the midst of all this that my brother came to live with us. i had already converted him, as i thought. he was a subscribing member of our society, and dealt with our associations; and i had no doubt would now join the council, and work actively in the new crusade. i knew how sound his judgment was, and that he never went back from a resolution once taken, and therefore was all the more eager to make sure of him, and, as a step in this direction, had already placed his name on committees, and promised his attendance. but i was doomed to disappointment. he attended one or two of our meetings, but i could not induce him to take any active part with us. at a distance of more than twenty years it is of course difficult to recall very accurately what passed between us, but i can remember his reasons well enough to give the substance of them. and first, as he had formerly[182] objected to the violent language of the leaders of the anti-corn-law agitation, so he now objected to what he looked upon as our extravagance.

“you don’t want to divide other people’s property?”

“no,” i answered.

“then why call yourselves socialists?”

“but we couldn’t help ourselves: other people called us so first.”

“yes; but you needn’t have accepted the name. why acknowledge that the cap fitted?”

“well, it would have been cowardly to back out. we borrow the ideas of these frenchmen, of association as opposed to competition as the true law of industry; and of organizing labor—of securing the laborer’s position by organizing production and consumption—and it would be cowardly to shirk the name. it is only fools who know nothing about the matter, or people interested in the competitive system of trade, who believe, or say, that a desire to divide other people’s property is of the essence of socialism.”

“that may be very true: but nine-tenths of mankind, or at any rate, of englishmen, come under one or the other of those categories. if you are called socialists, you will never persuade the british public that this is not your object. there was no need to take the name. you have weight enough to carry already, without putting that on your shoulders.”

this was his first objection, and he proved to be right.[183] at any rate, after some time we dropped the name, and the “christian socialist” was changed into the “journal of association.” english socialists generally have instinctively avoided it ever since, and called themselves “co-operators,” thereby escaping much abuse in the intervening years. and when i look back, i confess i do not wonder that we repelled rather than attracted men who, like my brother, were inclined theoretically to agree with us. for i am bound to admit that a strong vein of fanaticism and eccentricity ran through our ranks, which the marvellous patience, gentleness, and wisdom of our beloved president were not enough to counteract or control. several of our most active and devoted members were also strong vegetarians, and phonetists. in a generation when beards and wide-awakes were looked upon as insults to decent society, some of us wore both, with a most heroic indifference to public opinion. in the same way, there was often a trenchant, and almost truculent, tone about us, which was well calculated to keep men of my brother’s temperament at a distance. i rather enjoyed it myself, but learnt its unwisdom when i saw its effects on him, and others, who were inclined to join us, and would have proved towers of strength. it was right and necessary to denounce the evils of unlimited competition, and the falsehood of the economic doctrine of “every man for himself;” but quite unnecessary, and therefore unwise, to speak of the whole system of trade as “the disgusting[184] vice of shop-keeping,” as was the habit of several of our foremost and ablest members.