in 1636 the massachusetts colony, under vane’s administration, became involved in new troubles—a violent internal controversy and a dangerous indian war. the most powerful native tribes of new england were concentrated in the neighborhood of narragansett bay. the wampanoags, or pocanokets, were on the east side of that bay within the limits of the plymouth patent, and the narragansets, a more powerful confederacy, on the west side. still more numerous and more powerful were the pequots, whose chief seats were on or near pequot river, now the thames, but whose authority extended over twenty-six petty tribes, along both shores of the sound to the connecticut river, and even beyond it, almost or quite to the hudson. in what is now the northeast corner of the state of connecticut dwelt a smaller tribe, the enemies, perhaps the revolted subjects, of the pequots, known to the colonists as mohegans—an appropriation of a general name properly including all the indians along the shores of long island sound as far west as the hudson, and even the tribes beyond that river, known afterward to the english as the delawares. the indians about massachusetts bay, supposed to have been formerly quite numerous, had almost died out before the arrival of the colonists, and the smallpox had since proved very fatal among the few that remained. some tribes of no great consideration—the nipmucks, the wachusetts, the nashaways—dwelt among the interior hills, and others, known collectively to the colonists as the river indians, fished at the falls of33 the connecticut, and cultivated little patches of its rich alluvial meadows. the lower merrimac, the piscataqua, and their branches were occupied by the tribes of a considerable confederacy, that of penacook, or pawtucket, whose chief sachem, passaconaway, was reported to be a great magician. the interior of new hampshire and of what is now vermont seems to have been an uninhabited wilderness. the tribes eastward of the piscataqua, known to the english by the general name of tarenteens, and reputed to be numerous and powerful, were distinguished by the rivers on which they dwelt. they seem to have constituted two principal confederacies, those east of the kennebec being known to the french of acadie as the abenakis. all the new england indians spoke substantially the same language, the algonquin, in various dialects. from the nature of the country, they were more stationary than some other tribes, being fixed principally at the falls of the rivers. they seem to have entertained very decided ideas of the hereditary descent of authority, and of personal devotion to their chiefs. what might have been at this time the total indian population of new england it is not very easy to conjecture; but it was certainly much less than is commonly stated. fifteen or twenty thousand would seem to be a sufficient allowance for the region south of the piscataqua, and as many more, perhaps, for the more easterly district. the pequots, esteemed the most powerful tribe in new england, were totally ruined, as we shall presently see, by the destruction or capture of hardly more than a thousand persons.

the provocation for this exterminating war was extremely small. previous to the massachusetts migration to the connecticut, one captain stone, the drunken and dissolute master of a small trading vessel from virginia, whom the plymouth people charged with having been engaged at manhattan in a piratical plot to seize one of their vessels, having been sent away from boston34 with orders not to return without leave, under pain of death, on his way homeward to virginia, in 1634, had entered the connecticut river, where he was cut off, with his whole company, seven in number, by a band of pequots. there were various stories, none of them authentic, as to the precise manner of his death, but the pequots insisted that he had been the aggressor—a thing in itself sufficiently probable. as stone belonged to virginia, the magistrates of massachusetts wrote to governor harvey to move him to stir in the matter. van cuyler, the dutch commissary at fort good hope, in fact revenged stone’s death by the execution of a sachem and several others. this offended the pequots, who renounced any further traffic with the dutch, and sent messengers to boston desiring an intercourse of trade, and assistance to settle their pending difficulties with the narragansets, who intervened between them and the english settlements. they even promised to give up—at least so the magistrates understood them—the only two survivors, as they alleged, of those concerned in the death of stone. these offers were accepted; for the convenience of this traffic a peace was negotiated between the pequots and the narragansets, and a vessel was presently sent to open a trade. but this traffic disappointed the adventurers; nor were the promised culprits given up. the pequots, according to the indian custom, tendered, instead, a present of furs and wampum. but this was refused, the colonists seeming to think themselves under a religious obligation to avenge blood with blood.

thus matters remained for a year or two, when, in july, 1636, the crew of a small bark, returning from connecticut, saw close to block island a pinnace at anchor, and full of indians. this pinnace was recognized as belonging to oldham, the indian trader, the old settler at nantasket, and explorer of the connecticut. conjecturing that something must be wrong, the bark approached the pinnace and hailed, whereupon the indians on board35 slipped the cable and made sail. the bark gave chase, and soon overtook the pinnace; some of the indians jumped overboard in their fright, and were drowned; several were killed, and one was made prisoner. the dead body of oldham was found on board, covered with an old seine. this murder, as appeared from the testimony of the prisoner, who was presently sentenced by the massachusetts magistrates to be a slave for life, was committed at the instigation of some narraganset chiefs, upon whom block island was dependent, in revenge for the trade which oldham had commenced under the late treaty with the pequots, their enemies. indeed, all the narraganset chiefs, except the head sachem, canonicus, and his nephew and colleague, miantonimoh, were believed to have had a hand in this matter, especially the chieftain of the niantics, a branch of the narragansets, inhabiting the continent opposite block island.

canonicus, in great alarm, sent to his friend and neighbor, roger williams, by whose aid he wrote a letter to the massachusetts magistrates, expressing his grief at what had happened, and stating that miantonimoh had sailed already with seventeen canoes and two hundred warriors to punish the block islanders. with this letter were sent two indians, late sailors on board oldham’s pinnace, and presently after two english boys, the remainder of his crew. in the recapture of oldham’s pinnace eleven indians had been killed, several of them chiefs; and that, with the restoration of the crew, seems to have been esteemed by canonicus a sufficient atonement for oldham’s death. but the magistrates and ministers of massachusetts, assembled to take this matter into consideration, thought otherwise. volunteers were called for in august, 1636; and four companies, ninety men in all, commanded by endicott, whose submissiveness in williams’ affair had restored him to favor, were embarked in three pinnaces, with orders to put to death all the men of block island, and to make the women and36 children prisoners. the old affair of the death of stone was now also called to mind, though the murder of oldham had no connection with it, except in some distant similarity of circumstances. endicott was instructed, on his return from block island, to go to the pequots, and to demand of them the murderers of stone, and a thousand fathoms of wampum for damages—equivalent to from three to five thousand dollars—also, some of their children as hostages; and, if they refused, to employ force.

the block islanders fled inland, hid themselves, and escaped; but endicott burned their wigwams, staved their canoes, and destroyed their standing corn. he then sailed to fort saybrook, at the mouth of the connecticut, and marched thence to pequot river. after some parley, the indians refused his demands, when he burned their village and killed one of their warriors. marching back to the connecticut river, he inflicted like vengeance on the pequot village there, whence he returned to boston, after a three weeks’ absence and without the loss of a man.

the pequots, enraged at what they esteemed a treacherous and unprovoked attack, lurked about fort saybrook, killed or took several persons, and did considerable mischief. they sent, also, to the narragansets to engage their alliance against the colonists, whom they represented as the common enemy of all the indians. williams, informed of this negotiation, sent word of it to the massachusetts magistrates, and, at their request, he visited canonicus, to dissuade him from joining the pequots. this mission was not without danger. in the wigwam of canonicus, williams encountered the pequot messengers, full of rage and fury. he succeeded, however, in his object, and, in october, miantonimoh was induced to visit boston, where, being received with much ceremony by the governor and magistrates, he agreed to act with them as a faithful ally. canonicus thought it would be necessary to attack the pequots with a very37 large force; but he recommended, as a thing likely to be agreeable to all the indians—so williams informs us—that the women and children should be spared, a humane piece of advice which received in the end but little attention.

the policy of this war, or, at least, the wisdom of endicott’s conduct, was not universally conceded. a letter from plymouth reproached the massachusetts magistrates with the dangers likely to arise from so inefficient an attack upon the pequots. gardiner, the commandant at fort saybrook, who lost several men during the winter, was equally dissatisfied. the new settlers up the connecticut complained bitterly of the dangers to which they were exposed. sequeen, the same indian chief at whose invitation the plymouth people had first established a trading-house on the connecticut river, had granted land to the planters at wethersfield on condition that he might settle near them, and be protected; but when he came and built his wigwam, they had driven him away. he took this opportunity for revenge by calling in the pequots, who attacked the town, and killed nine of the inhabitants. the whole number killed by the pequots during the winter was about thirty.

in december a special session of the general court of massachusetts organized the militia into three regiments, the magistrates to appoint the field officers—called sergeant-majors—and to select the captains and lieutenants out of a nomination to be made by the companies respectively. watches were ordered to be kept, and travellers were to go armed....

the new towns on the connecticut had continued to suffer during the winter. the attack on wethersfield has been mentioned already. fort saybrook was beleaguered; several colonists were killed, and two young girls were taken prisoners, but were presently redeemed and sent home by some dutch traders. it had been resolved in massachusetts to raise a hundred and sixty men38 for the war, and already underhill had been sent, with twenty men, to reinforce fort saybrook; but, during vane’s administration, these preparations had been retarded—not from any misgivings as to the justice of the war, but because the army “was too much under a covenant of works.” the expedition was now got ready, and, by a “solemn public invocation of the word of god,” a leader was designated by lot from among three of the magistrates set apart for that purpose. the lot fell on stoughton, whose adherence to the orthodox party during the late dissensions had restored him to favor, and obtained for him, at the late election, one of the vacant magistrates’ seats. wilson was also designated by lot as chaplain to the expedition. the people of plymouth agreed to furnish forty-five men.

the decisive battle, however, had been already fought. the connecticut towns, impatient of delay, having obtained the alliance of uncas, sachem of the mohegans, had marched, to the number of ninety men, almost their entire effective force, under the command of john mason, bred a soldier in the netherlands, whom hooker, on may 10, with prayers and religious ceremonies, solemnly invested with the staff of command. after a night spent in prayer, this little army, joined by uncas with sixty indians, and accompanied by stone, hooker’s colleague, as chaplain, embarked at hartford. they were not without great doubts as to their indian allies, but were reassured at fort saybrook. while stone was praying “for one pledge of love, that may confirm us of the fidelity of the indians,” these allies came in with five pequot scalps and a prisoner. underhill joined with his twenty men, and the united forces proceeded by water to narragansett bay, where they spent sunday, may 21, in religious exercises. they were further strengthened by miantonimoh and two hundred narraganset warriors; but the english force seemed so inadequate that many of the narragansets became discouraged and returned home.

39 the pequots were principally collected a few miles east of pequot river, now the thames, in two forts, or villages, fortified with trees and brushwood. after a fatiguing march of two days, mason reached one of these strongholds, situated on a high hill, at no great distance from the sea-shore. he encamped a few hours to rest his men, but marched again before daybreak, and at early dawn approached the fort. the pequots had seen the vessels pass along the sea-shore toward the bay of narragansett, and, supposing the hostile forces afraid to attack them, they had spent the night in feasting and dancing, and mason could hear their shoutings in his camp. toward morning they sunk into a deep sleep, from which they were roused by the barking of their dogs, as the colonists, in two parties, approached the fort, one led by mason, the other by underhill, both of whom have left us narratives of the battle. the assailants poured in a fire of musketry, and, after a moment’s hesitation, forced their way into the fort. within were thickly clustered wigwams containing the families of the indians, and what remained of their winter stores. the astonished pequots seized their weapons and fought with desperation; but what could their clubs and arrows avail against the muskets and plate-armor of the colonists? yet there was danger in the great superiority of their numbers, and mason, crying out “we must burn them,” thrust a firebrand among the mats with which the wigwams were covered. almost in a moment the fort was in a blaze. the colonists, “bereaved of pity and without compassion,” so underhill himself declares, kept up the fight within the fort, while their indian allies, forming a circle around, struck down every pequot who attempted to escape. no quarter was given, no mercy was shown; some hundreds, not warriors only, but old men, women, and children, perished by the weapons of the colonists, or in the flames of the burning fort. “great and doleful,” says underhill, “was the bloody sight to40 the view of young soldiers, to see so many souls lie gasping on the ground, so thick you could hardly pass along.” the fact that only seven prisoners were taken, while mason boasts that only seven others escaped, evinces the unrelenting character of this massacre, which was accomplished with but trifling loss, only two of the colonists being killed, and sixteen or twenty wounded. yet the victors were not without embarrassments. the morning was hot, there was no water to be had, and the men, exhausted by their long march the two days before, the weight of their armor, want of sleep, and the sharpness of the late action, must now encounter a new body of pequots from the other village, who had taken the alarm, and were fast approaching. mason, with a select party, kept this new enemy at bay, and thus gave time to the main body to push on for pequot river, into which some vessels had just been seen to enter. when the indians approached the hill where their fort had stood, at sight of their ruined habitations and slaughtered companions they burst out into a transport of rage, stamped on the ground, tore their hair, and, regardless of everything save revenge, rushed furious in pursuit. but the dreaded firearms soon checked them, and mason easily made good his retreat to pequot harbor, now new london, where he found not only his own vessels, but captain patrick also, just arrived in a bark from boston, with forty men. mason sent the wounded and most of his forces by water, but, in consequence of patrick’s refusal to lend his ship, was obliged to march himself, with twenty men, followed by patrick, to fort saybrook, where his victory was greeted by a salvo of cannon.

in about a fortnight stoughton arrived at saybrook with the main body of the massachusetts forces. mason, with forty connecticut soldiers and a large body of narragansets, joined also in pursuing the remnants of the enemy. the pequots had abandoned their country, or concealed themselves in the swamps. in july one of41 these fortresses was attacked by night, and about a hundred indians captured. the men, twenty-two in number, were put to death; thirty women and children were given to the narraganset allies; some fifty others were sent to boston, and distributed as slaves among the principal colonists. the flying pequots were pursued as far as quinapiack, now new haven. a swamp in that neighborhood, where a large party had taken refuge, being surrounded and attacked, a parley was had, and life was offered to “all whose hands were not in english blood.” about two hundred, old men, women, and children, reluctantly came out and gave themselves up. daylight was exhausted in this surrender; and as night set in, the warriors who remained renewed their defiances. toward morning, favored by a thick fog, they broke through and escaped. many of the surviving pequots put themselves under the protection of canonicus and other narraganset chiefs. sassacus, the head sachem, fled to the mohawks; but they were instigated by their allies, the narragansets, to put him to death. his scalp was sent to boston, and many heads and hands of pequot warriors were also brought in by the neighboring tribes. the adult male prisoners who remained in the hands of the colonists were sent to the west indies to be sold into slavery; the women and children experienced a similar fate at home. it was reckoned that between eight and nine hundred of the pequots had been killed or taken. such of the survivors as had escaped, forbidden any longer to call themselves pequots, were distributed between the narragansets and mohegans, and subjected to an annual tribute. a like tribute was imposed, also, on the inhabitants of block island. the colonists regarded their success as ample proof of divine approbation, and justified all they had done to these “bloody heathen” by abundant quotations from the old testament. having referred to “the wars of david,” underhill adds, “we had sufficient light from the word42 of god for our proceedings”; and mason, after some exulting quotations from the psalms, concludes: “thus the lord was pleased to smite our enemies in the hinder parts, and to give us their land for an inheritance!” the indian allies admired the courage of the colonists, but they thought their method of war “too furious, and to slay too many.”

synopsis of the principal events, chiefly

military, between the conquest of

the pequots, 1637, and the defeat

of king philip, 1676

1638. settlement of rhode island. establishment of the colony of new haven. swedes and finns settle in delaware.

1639. adoption of the connecticut constitution.

1642. war between charles i. and parliament. indecisive battle of edgehill.

1643. the colonies of new england form a confederacy.

1644. battle of marston moor, in which the english royalists are defeated. roger williams obtains a patent from parliament for the united government of the rhode island settlements.

1645. defeat of the english royalists at the battle of naseby.

1649. execution of charles i.

1653. cromwell is made lord protector of england.

1655. peter stuyvesant, director-general of new netherlands, dispossesses the swedish settlers at the mouth of the delaware.

1660. restoration of the stuarts in england.

1662. the connecticut and new haven colonies receive a charter from charles ii.

1664. charles ii. grants the region between the connecticut and delaware rivers to his brother james, duke43 of york. the english occupy new amsterdam and take possession of the province of new netherland. the colony of new jersey is established.

1665. the union of the connecticut and new haven colonies is completed.

1668. father marquette founds the mission of sault ste. marie.

1670. incorporation of the hudson bay company.

1673. the dutch occupy new york and new jersey.

1674. new york and new jersey are restored to the english.

1675. king philip’s war.