has one advantage over the others which i have seen, there being no organ-screen, nor any sort of partition between the choir and nave; so that we saw its entire length, nearly five hundred feet, in one vista. the pillars of the nave are immensely thick, but hardly of proportionate height, and they support the round norman arch; nor is there, as far as i remember, a single pointed arch in the cathedral. the effect is to give the edifice an air of heavy grandeur. it seems to have been built before the best style of church architecture had established itself; so that it weighs upon the soul, instead of helping it to aspire. first, there are these round arches, supported by gigantic columns; then, immediately above, another row of round arches, behind which is the usual gallery that runs, as it were, in the thickness of the wall, around the nave of the cathedral; then, above all, another row of round arches, enclosing the windows of the clere-story. the great pillars are ornamented in various ways,—some with a great spiral groove running from bottom to top; others with two spirals, ascending in different directions, so as to cross over one another; some are fluted or channelled straight up and down; some are wrought with chevrons, like those on the sleeve of a police-inspector. there are zigzag cuttings and carvings, which i do not know how to name scientifically, round the arches of the doors and windows; but nothing that seems to have flowered out spontaneously, as natural incidents of a grand and beautiful design. in the nave, between the columns of the side aisles, i saw one or two monuments. . . .

the cathedral service is very long; and though the choral part of it is pleasant enough, i thought it not best to wait for the sermon, especially as it would have been quite unintelligible, so remotely as i sat in the great space. so i left my seat, and after strolling up and down the aisle a few times, sallied forth into the churchyard. on the cathedral door there is a curious old knocker, in the form of a monstrous face, which was placed there, centuries ago, for the benefit of fugitives from justice, who used to be entitled to sanctuary here. the exterior of the cathedral, being huge, is therefore grand; it has a great central tower, and two at the western end; and reposes in vast and heavy length, without the multitude of niches, and crumbling statues, and richness of detail, that make the towers and fronts of some cathedrals so endlessly interesting. one piece of sculpture i remember,—a carving of a cow, a milk-maid, and a monk, in reference to the legend that the site of the cathedral was, in some way, determined by a woman bidding her cow go home to dunholme. cadmus was guided to the site of his destined city in some such way as this.

it was a very beautiful day, and though the shadow of the cathedral fell on this side, yet, it being about noontide, it did not cover the churchyard entirely, but left many of the graves in sunshine. there were not a great many monuments, and these were chiefly horizontal slabs, some of which looked aged, but on closer inspection proved to be mostly of the present century. i observed an old stone figure, however, half worn away, which seemed to have something like a bishop's mitre on its head, and may perhaps have lain in the proudest chapel of the cathedral before occupying its present bed among the grass. about fifteen paces from the central tower, and within its shadow, i found a weather-worn slab of marble, seven or eight feet long, the inscription on which interested me somewhat. it was to the memory of robert dodsley, the bookseller, johnson's acquaintance, who, as his tombstone rather superciliously avers, had made a much better figure as an author than "could have been expected in his rank of life." but, after all, it is inevitable that a man's tombstone should look down on him, or, at all events, comport itself towards him "de haut en bas." i love to find the graves of men connected with literature. they interest me more, even though of no great eminence, than those of persons far more illustrious in other walks of life. i know not whether this is because i happen to be one of the literary kindred, or because all men feel themselves akin, and on terms of intimacy, with those whom they know, or might have known, in books. i rather believe that the latter is the case.

my wife had stayed in the cathedral, but she came out at the end of the sermon, and told me of two little birds, who had got into the vast interior, and were in great trouble at not being able to find their way out again. thus, two winged souls may often have been imprisoned within a faith of heavy ceremonials.

we went round the edifice, and, passing into the close, penetrated through an arched passage into the crypt, which, methought, was in a better style of architecture than the nave and choir. at one end stood a crowd of venerable figures leaning against the wall, being stone images of bearded saints, apostles, patriarchs, kings,—personages of great dignity, at all events, who had doubtless occupied conspicuous niches in and about the cathedral till finally imprisoned in this cellar. i looked at every one, and found not an entire nose among them, nor quite so many heads as they once had.

thence we went into the cloisters, which are entire, but not particularly interesting. indeed, this cathedral has not taken hold of my affections, except in one aspect, when it was exceedingly grand and beautiful.

after looking at the crypt and the cloisters, we returned through the close and the churchyard, and went back to the hotel through a path by the river-side. this is the same dim and dusky path through which i wandered the night before, and in the sunshine it looked quite as beautiful as i knew it must,— a shadow of elm-trees clothing the high bank, and overarching the paths above and below; some of the elms growing close to the water-side, and flinging up their topmost boughs not nearly so high as where we stood, and others climbing upward and upward, till our way wound among their roots; while through the foliage the quiet river loitered along, with this lovely shade on both its banks, to pass through the centre of the town. the stately cathedral rose high above us, and farther onward, in a line with it, the battlemented walls of the old norman castle, gray and warlike, though now it has become a university. this delightful walk terminates at an old bridge in the heart of the town; and the castle hangs immediately over its busiest street. on this bridge, last night, in the embrasure, or just over the pier, where there is a stone seat, i saw some old men seated, smoking their pipes and chatting. in my judgment, a river flowing through the centre of a town, and not too broad to make itself familiar, nor too swift, but idling along, as if it loved better to stay there than to go, is the pleasantest imaginable piece of scenery; so transient as it is, and yet enduring,—just the same from life's end to life's end; and this river wear, with its sylvan wildness, and yet so sweet and placable, is the best of all little rivers,—not that it is so very small, but with a bosom broad enough to be crossed by a three-arched bridge. just above the cathedral there is a mill upon its shore, as ancient as the times of the abbey.

we went homeward through the market-place and one or two narrow streets; for the town has the irregularity of all ancient settlements, and, moreover, undulates upward and downward, and is also made more unintelligible to a stranger, in its points and bearings, by the tortuous course of the river.

after dinner j——- and i walked along the bank opposite to that on which the cathedral stands, and found the paths there equally delightful with those which i have attempted to describe. we went onward while the river gleamed through the foliage beneath us, and passed so far beyond the cathedral that we began to think we were getting into the country, and that it was time to return; when all at once we saw a bridge before us, and beyond that, on the opposite bank of the wear, the cathedral itself! the stream had made a circuit without our knowing it. we paused upon the bridge, and admired and wondered at the beauty and glory of the scene, with those vast, ancient towers rising out of the green shade, and looking as if they were based upon it. the situation of durham cathedral is certainly a noble one, finer even than that of lincoln, though the latter stands even at a more lordly height above the town. but as i saw it then, it was grand, venerable, and sweet, all at once; and i never saw so lovely and magnificent a scene, nor, being content with this, do i care to see a better. the castle beyond came also into the view, and the whole picture was mirrored in the tranquil stream below. and so, crossing the bridge, the path led us back through many a bower of hollow shade; and we then quitted the hotel, and took the rail for

york,

where we arrived at about half past nine. we put up at the black swan, with which we had already made acquaintance at our previous visit to york. it is a very ancient hotel; for in the coffee-room i saw on the wall an old printed advertisement, announcing that a stage-coach would leave the black swan in london, and arrive at the black swan in york, with god's permission, in four days. the date was 1706; and still, after a hundred and fifty years, the black swan receives travellers in coney street. it is a very good hotel, and was much thronged with guests when we arrived, as the sessions come on this week. we found a very smart waiter, whose english faculties have been brightened by a residence of several years in america.

in the morning, before breakfast, i strolled out, and walked round the cathedral, passing on my way the sheriff's javelin-men, in long gowns of faded purple embroidered with gold, carrying halberds in their hands; also a gentleman in a cocked hat, gold-lace, and breeches, who, no doubt, had something to do with the ceremonial of the sessions. i saw, too, a procession of a good many old cabs and other carriages, filled with people, and a banner flaunting above each vehicle. these were the piano-forte makers of york, who were going out of town to have a jollification together.

after breakfast we all went to the cathedral, and no sooner were we within it than we found how much our eyes had recently been educated, by our greater power of appreciating this magnificent interior; for it impressed us both with a joy that we never felt before. j——- felt it too, and insisted that the cathedral must have been altered and improved since we were last here. but it is only that we have seen much splendid architecture since then, and so have grown in some degree fitted to enjoy it. york cathedral (i say it now, for it is my present feeling) is the most wonderful work that ever came from the hands of man. indeed, it seems like "a house not made with hands," but rather to have come down from above, bringing an awful majesty and sweetness with it and it is so light and aspiring, with all its vast columns and pointed arches, that one would hardly wonder if it should ascend back to heaven again by its mere spirituality. positively the pillars and arches of the choir are so very beautiful that they give the impression of being exquisitely polished, though such is not the fact; but their beauty throws a gleam around them. i thank god that i saw this cathedral again, and i thank him that he inspired the builder to make it, and that mankind has so long enjoyed it, and will continue to enjoy it.

july 14th.—we left york at twelve o'clock, and were delayed an hour or two at leeds, waiting for a train. i strolled up into the town, and saw a fair, with puppet-shows, booths of penny actors, merry-go-rounds, clowns, boxers, and other such things as i saw, above a year ago, at greenwich fair, and likewise at tranmere, during the whitsuntide holidays.

we resumed our journey, and reached southport in pretty good trim at about nine o'clock. it has been a very interesting tour. we find southport just as we left it, with its regular streets of little and big lodging-houses, where the visitors perambulate to and fro without any imaginable object. the tide, too, seems not to have been up over the waste of sands since we went away; and far seaward stands the same row of bathing-machines, and just on the verge of the horizon a gleam of water, —even this being not the sea, but the mouth of the river ribble, seeking the sea amid the sandy desert. but we shall soon say good-by to southport.