the wide streets radiating from the bridge of spain are lined with lemonade stands, where the cube of ice is sheltered from the sun by striped awnings. leaving the walled town on the river side—the gate has been destroyed by earthquakes—you can take the ferry over to the tondo side. the ferryboat is a round-bottomed, wobbly sampan, with a tiny cabin in the stern. you crouch down, waiting for the boat to roll completely over, which at first it seems inclined to do, or try to plan some method of escape in case the pilot gets in front of one of the swift-moving tugs. you have good reason to congratulate yourself on being landed at a stone-quay in a tangle of small launches, ferryboats, and cascoes. the tondo canal may be crossed on a covered barge, poled by an ancient boatman, who collects the fares—a copper cent of borneo, straits settlements, or [24]hong kong coinage—much in the same way as the pilot of the styx collects the obolus.

under the long porch of the customs-house, a dummy engine noisily plies up and down among the long-horned carabaos and piles of merchandise. types of all nations are encountered here. the immigration office swarms with chinamen herded together, rounded up by some contractor. every chinaman must have his photograph, his number, and description in the immigration officer’s possession. indian merchants, agents of the german, spanish, and english business firms are looking after new invoices. a party of american tourists, just arrived from china, are awaiting the inspection of their baggage.

the bridge of spain, that famous artery of commerce, over which a stream of carabao-carts, crowded tram-cars, pleasure vehicles, and army wagons flows continuously, spans the pasig river at the head of the escolta in binondo. here the bazaars and european business houses are located, while the avenues that branch off lead to other populous and swarming districts. la extrame?a, a grocery and wine-store; la estrella del norte—[25]“the north star”—diamond and jewelry-store; the sombreria, hatstore, advertised by a huge wooden hat hung out above the street; and a tobacco booth, are situated on the corners where the bridge and the escolta meet. the metropolitan policeman—one of the tall americanos uniformed in khaki riding-breeches and stiff leggings—who, in former days, controlled the traffic of the street, is now supplanted by a filipino comic-opera policeman. very few of the old “mets” are left. it was a body of picked men, the finest soldiers in the volunteer troops, and the most efficient police force in the world. this officer on the escolta used to be a genius in his line. when balky filipino ponies blocked the traffic in the crowded thoroughfare, it was this officer that straightened out the tangle. if the tram-car happened to run off the track, it was the “met” who showed the driver how to put it on again.

the river above the bridge is lined with latticed balconies; but from the veranda of the paris restaurant, when that establishment was in its glory, one could sit for hours and watch the bustling river life below. the thatched tops of the [26]huddled cascos formed a compact roof that extended half across the stream. upon these nondescript craft hundreds of filipinos dwelt, doing their washing and their cooking on the decks. the scanty clothes are hanging out to dry on lines, while naked brats are splashing in the dirty water, clinging to the tightened hawser.

all about the town (the tops of cascoes)

all about the town (the tops of cascoes)

launches go scudding under the low bridge, rending the air with vicious toots. unwieldly cascos are poled down the river, laden heavily with cocoanuts and hemp. small floating islands whirl along in the swift current, and are carried out to sea. at the muelle del rey—the “king’s dock”—lie the inter-island steamers, and the gangs of laborers are busy loading and unloading them. carabao drays are hauling fragrant cargoes of tobacco and manila hemp, while over the gangplank runs a chain of men, gutting the warehouse of its merchandise. the captain of the romulus stands on the bridge, daintily smoking a cigarette, and supervising the disposal of the demijohns of tinto wine. the derrick keeps up an incessant racket as the hold is gradually filled. although the romulus is advertised to sail to-day at noon, she is [27]as liable to sail at ten o’clock, or possibly to-morrow afternoon; and although bound for iloilo or cebu, you can not be at all sure what her destination really is. she may return after a month from a long rambling cruise among the southern isles. the spanish mariners, in rakish tam o’shanter caps, lounge at the entrance to the warehouse, or the office of the compania maritima, dreamily smoking cigarettes, sometimes imperiously ordering the laborers to “sigue, hombre!” (get along!) a warning that the filipino has grown too familiar with to heed.

armenian and indian bazaars, where ivory and the rich fabrics of the orient are sold; cafés and drugstores, harness-shops, tobacco-shops, and drygoods-stores, emporiums of every kind,—are found on the escolta, where the prices would astonish any one not yet accustomed to the manners of the far east. during the morning hours the quilez and the carromata rattle along the bumpy cobblestones, the native driver, or cochero, in a white shirt, smoking a cigarette, and resting his bare feet upon the dashboard. behind the curtain of a passing quilez you can catch a glimpse of [28]brown eyes, raven hair, and olive-tinted cheeks, displayed with all the coquetry of a manila belle. a filipino family in a rickety cart, tilted at an impossible angle, are drawn by a moth-eaten pony, mostly bones. public conveyances—if these are not indeed a myth—are most exasperating. you can never find one when you want it, even at the “public carriage station.” if by chance you come across one in the street, the driver will ignore your signal and drive on. evidently he selects this walk in life merely to discharge the obligations of his conscience, for he never seems to want a passenger, nor will he take one till he finds his vehicle possessed by strategy. the gamins of the corner offer eagerly to find a carromata for you, but they frequently forget the object of their mission in their search. sometimes, when you have ceased to think about a carromata, one of these small ragamuffins will pursue you, with a sheepish-looking coachman and disreputable vehicle in tow. then twenty boys crowd round and claim rewards for having found a rig for you; as they all look alike, you toss a ten-cent piece among the crowd and let them fight it out among themselves. [29]

the driver will begin by making some objection. he will ask to be discharged at noon, or he will make you promise not to turn him over to another americano. when the preliminary arrangements are completed, lighting his cigarette, he cramps himself up in the box, and, maintaining a continual clucking, larrups his skinny pony as the crazy gig goes rocking down the street. the driver never seems to know the town; even the post-office and the bridge of spain are terra incognita to him. and so you guide him, saying “silla,” left, or “mano,” right, “direcho,” straight ahead, and “’spera,” stop. you must be careful when you stop, however, as while you are busy with your purchases, your man is liable to run away. while, as a general rule, he shakes his head at the repeated inquires of “ocupato?” (taken?) even though the carriage may not be engaged, if some one more unscrupulous or desperate should step in, you would find yourself without a rig. and the result would be the same if dinner-time came round, and he had not had “sow sow.” even the fact that he had not collected any fare would not deter him from his resolution. [30]

is it any wonder, then, that, after all these difficulties, no complaint is made against the rickety, slat-seated carts, with wheels that seem to bar the entrance of the passenger; against the sorry-looking quilez,—that attenuated two-wheeled ’bus, where the four passengers must sit with interwoven legs, getting the more implicated as the cart goes bounding on? no; the americans are glad enough to ride in almost any kind of vehicle. but you must be good-natured, even though the cab is tilted at an angle of some thirty-odd degrees, and even though, in getting out, which is accomplished from the quilez in the rear, you lift the tiny pony off his feet. it is enough to take the breath away to ride in one of these conveyances through the congested portions of manila. not only does the turning to the left seem strange, but taking the sharp corners—an accomplishment for which the two-wheeled gig is well adapted—frequently comes near precipitating a collision; and, in order to avoid this, the driver pulls the pony to his haunches. when the coast is clear, you will go rattling merrily away, the quilez door, unfastened, swinging back [31]and forth abandonedly, regardless of appearances. it is impossible to satisfy the driver on discharging him, unless by paying him three times the fee. the stranger in manila, counting out the unfamiliar media pesos and pesetas, never knows when he has paid enough. whether to pay his fifteen cents, american or mexican, for the first hour, and ten cents, or centavos, for the hour succeeding, and how many media pesetas make a quarter of a dollar in our currency,—these are the questions that annoy and puzzle the newcomer, till he learns to disregard expense, and order his livery from the hotels or private stables.

at noon the corrugated iron blinds of the shops are pulled down; all the carriages have disappeared; the only sign of life in the escolta is the comical little tram-car, loaded down with little brown men dressed in white, the driver tooting a toy horn, and all the passengers dismounting to assist the car uphill.

the banking center of manila, built around a dusty plaza in the tondo district, and consisting of low buildings occupied by offices of shipping and commercial companies, suggests a scene from [32]“the merchant of venice” or “othello.” english firms—such as warner, barnes & co.; smith, bell & co.; the hong kong-shanghai banking corporation, where the silver pesos jingle as the deft clerks stack them up or handle them with their small spades—are situated hereabouts.

near by, and on an emerald plaza, stand the buildings of the insular tobacco company and of the oriente hotel. these buildings are the finest modern structures in manila. carriages are waiting in the street in front of the hotel, and at the entrance may be seen a group of army officers in khaki uniform, in white and gold, or—very much more modern—olive drab. the dining-room is entered through the rustling bead-work curtain. here the chinese waiters, in long gowns glide noiselessly around.

but the rosario, where opium-saturated chinamen sit tailor-fashion at the entrance to their little stalls—where narrow galleries and alleys swarm with chinese life—is one of the most interesting and complex: of all manila’s thoroughfares. on one side of the street the drygoods-shops are shaded from the sun by curtains in broad stripes [33]of blue and white. the dreamy merchant sits barelegged on the doorsill, and is not to be disturbed by the mere entrance of a purchaser. the opposite side is lined with chino hardware stores, and in each one of them the stock is just the same. these shops supply the stock of merchandise to the provincial agents; for an intricate feudal system is maintained among the chinese of the archipelago. the rich manila merchants who have seen their fellow-countrymen safe through from china, and have furnished goods on credit, reap the profits like so many oriental shylocks.

at four o’clock the shopping begins again in the escolta. apparently the whole town has turned out for a ride. since the americans have come, odd sights have been seen in manila,—cavalry horses harnessed to pony vehicles, phaetons drawn by filipino ponies, and victorias, intended for a pair of native horses, hastily converted into surreys. not only do the spanish women come out in their black mantillas, but the filipino belles and the mestiza, girls, in their stiff dresses of josé and pi?a cloth. a carriage-load of painted cheeks and burnished pompadours of japanese [34]frail sisterhood drives by upon its way to the luneta. army officers in white dress uniform, the wives and daughters of the officers, bareheaded and in dainty gowns, stop off at clark’s for lemonade, ice-cream, and candy. soldiers and sailors strolling along the street, or driving rickety native carts, enjoy themselves after the manner of their kind. a brace of well-kept ponies, tugging like game fish, trot briskly away with jingling harness, with the coachman and the footman dressed in white, a foreign consul lounging in the cushions of the neat victoria. a private carruaje, drawn by a sleek pony, hastens along, the tiny footman clinging on for dear life to the extension seat behind.

after the whirl on the luneta, where the military band plays as the oddly-assorted carriages go circling round like fixtures on a steam carousal, the pleasure-seekers leave the driveway on the sea deserted; soldiers and citizens vacate the green benches, and adjourn for dinner. the spanish life is best seen at the metropole, where se?ors, se?oritas, and se?oras, exquisitely gowned, sip cognac and coffee at the little tables, carrying on an animated conversation, with expressive flashes of bright eyes or gestures with elaborately-jeweled hands.

below, in the luzon café, the rizal orchestra is playing the impassioned spanish waltzes, “sobre las olas,” “la paloma,” to the click of billiard balls and the guffaws of soldiers. when the evening program ends with “dixie,” every soldier in a khaki uniform—bronzed, grizzled fellows, many of them back from some campaign out in the provinces—will rise immediately to his feet, respectfully remove his hat, and as the music that reminds him of the home-land swells and gathers volume, fill the corridors with cheer upon cheer as the lights are put out; then the sleeping coachman rouses himself, and starts the reluctant pony on the journey home.