engaged as interpreter—class of people at green river—appointed deputy sheriff—drover threatens to kill boatmen—arrest ordered—ride into the outlaws' camp—bluffing the captain—a perilous situation—parley with drovers—compromise effected—dealing with law-breakers—"bill" hickman as sheriff—swimming cattle over green river—a drover's failure—writer employed to get cattle over—how it is done—secret of success—arrival of washakie—the ferryman offends him—the angry indian swears vengeance on the white man—his parting threat—in peril of an indian massacre.

as i had become a fairly good interpreter, the ferry company proposed to pay my board at green river while i stayed, as there was no one else there who could converse with the indians. the country was new and wild, and while there were some very good people, the road was lined with california immigrants and drovers, many of them of a very rough class, to say the best of them. they would camp a day or two on the river, and drink, gamble and fight; then the traders and rough mountain men, half-caste indians, french and spaniards, were numerous; there were also blacksmith and repair shops, whisky saloons, gambling tables, and sometimes there would be a perfect jam of wagons and cattle, and two or three hundred men. there were quarrels and fights, and often men would be shot or stabbed. as the court had been organized only about two months, it was almost impossible for the sheriff or any other officer to serve a writ or order of court, unless he had a posse to back him. sometimes the ferryman at the upper ferry would be run off his post, and a company of mountain men would run the ferry and take the money, and it would require every man that was on the side of law and order to back the officer. in this situation i, though a missionary, was summoned to take charge of a posse of men to assist the sheriff in making arrests.

one time there came a man with four thousand head of cattle. he crossed the river, passed down about four miles and camped under a steep sand bluff. he had missed a calf, and sent a man back for it. a small party of indians, passing along that way, had picked up the animal and carried it off, supposing that the drovers had abandoned it. the man who had been sent for the calf, not finding it, rode up to the ferry and demanded the animal of the boatmen. these told him they did not have his calf, whereupon he swore at them, called them liars and thieves, and threatened to kill them, at the same time leveling his double-barreled shotgun at them.

judge appleby happened to be standing within a few feet of the boatmen, and heard the whole conversation. he ordered the sheriff to take the man, dead or alive. the sheriff summoned me to his aid, and we started at once for the culprit. when we got to within four rods of him he called out, "do you want anything of me, gentlemen?" the sheriff said, "yes; i am the sheriff, and you are my prisoner." the man being on horseback, defied the sheriff and fled. we fired two shots in the air, thinking he would surrender, but he did not, and the sheriff pressed into service the horses of two immigrants near by, and he and i pursued the fugitive, following him about four miles, where we suddenly came upon his camp of twenty-four men, armed with double-barrelled shotguns.

the man having had considerably the start of us, had time to get the camp rallied and ready for action, telling them that two men had shot at and were then in hot pursuit of him. we were not aware of his camp being there until we reached the brow of the bluff; then our only chance was to ride boldly down into the camp, which we did, the sheriff shouting, "hold on, gentlemen! i am the sheriff of this county." the captain of the camp, being a cool-headed and fearless man, said to his men, "hold on, boys, wait for the word."

the moment we got into camp we dismounted, and i presume that at least a dozen guns were leveled at us, their holders being greatly excited, and swearing death to us if we dared to lay a finger on the fugitive, or on any other person in the camp. the captain, however, said, "hold on, boys! let's hear what these men have to say." then the sheriff said the man (pointing to the culprit) had committed an offense against the law, in threatening the lives of the boatmen, and leveling his gun as if to carry out the threat, and the sheriff had been ordered by the judge to arrest him, but he had defied the officer and fled. "but," said the captain, "you shot at him." to this the sheriff replied, "we called on him to halt, and as he refused to obey, a couple of shots were fired over his head to make him stop, but he did not do so, and we followed him to your camp. i now demand him of you as his captain."

at this the captain declared that the sheriff had shot at his man and had scared him almost to death. he pointed to the man, who was shaking as if he had a treble shock of the ague, and continued that before the sheriff should take him every drop of blood in the camp should be shed. the men brawled out, "hear! hear!" when the sheriff said, "all right, captain. you may get away with us two, but we have between seventy-five and one hundred men just over the hills here, and in less than twenty-four hours we will have you and every man in your camp, and your stock will have to foot the bill."

thereupon the captain made response that he would come and answer for his man, but the sheriff could not take him. thus the matter was compromised subject to the court's approval. the captain promised to be at the judge's within two hours, and was there. so the whole matter was settled without bloodshed.

this incident is only an illustration of what had to be met every few days, in which men would refuse to yield to the law until they had to do so or die, and many were the times that we had to force them down with the revolver, when, if we had not had "the drop" on them they would not have yielded. we met men face to face, with deadly weapons, and if it had not been for the cunning and the cool head of "bill" hickman, as he was commonly called, blood would have been shed more than once when it was avoided. i speak of "bill" hickman as i found him in the short time i was with him. in his official capacity he was cunning, and was always ready to support the law while i was with him on green river.

one day about 10 o'clock a.m., a herd of four hundred head of cattle came up, and the owners ferried their wagons across the river. then they tried to swim their cattle over but could not do so. i stood by and watched their futile efforts until i observed the reason the cattle would not go across. then i attempted to tell the captain that he could not swim his stock with the sun shining in their faces. the captain being one of those self-sufficient men often met with, rather snubbed me, saying, "i have handled cattle before today." i turned away, remarking that he never would get his cattle across in that manner, and saying that i could put every head over at the first attempt.

some one repeated to the "boss" what i had said, and asked him why he did not get that mountaineer to help, as he understood the business better than anyone else on the river. "well," he said, "we will make another try, and if we do not succeed, we will see what he can do." the trial was another failure. then he came to me and said, "cap., what will you charge me to swim those cattle, and insure me against loss?" i answered, "you have wearied your cattle and fooled them so much that it will be more trouble now than at first, but if you will drive your stock out on that 'bottom' and call your men away from them, i will swim them and insure every hoof, for twenty-five cents a head." said he, "i will do it, for it will cost fifty cents a head to cross them in the boat. so you will take charge of them on the 'bottom?'"

"yes," said i, "so you do not let them scatter too much."

the river was booming, but i knew of a place where the bank was three or four feet higher than the water, and where the stream ran swiftly, setting across to where the cattle would reach a gradual slope. i then went to a camp of indians near by, and hired four of them to assist me. they stripped and mounted their ponies with their robes about them. one went between the cattle and the river, so as to lead, and the others circled around the stock and got them all headed toward the place designated for them to take to the water. then they caused the cattle to increase their speed until they were on the gallop, when the indians gave a few yells and shook their robes, the man in the lead leaped his horse into the river, and every hoof took to the water, and were across safe and sound within thirty minutes from the time they started. the captain paid without objecting, and would have me go over and take supper with him and his family. he said, "aside from having my cattle across safe and sound, i have the worth of my money in valuable experience." next day he was back over the river, and would tell of the incident and say to the drovers he met with, "there is that mountaineer. i am —— if he can't beat any man swimming cattle that i ever saw." and others would tell the drovers the same story.

now, my friendly reader, i will tell you the secret of swimming horses and cattle across a river. it is: find a place (which you always can do) somewhere in the bends of the watercourse, where you can swim your stock from the sun, and where they take to the water the deeper the better, even if you have to make them jump from the banks. the swifter the current the better; then they are not so likely to injure one another in jumping. again, see that the outcoming place is on a grade, and the water is shallow. then have some good swimmer, on horseback, take the lead; push your stock to a lively gait, and success is assured. i had charge of swimming ten thousand head of cattle across green river, in the months of june and july, 1854, and never lost a hoof, yet forced hundreds of them over banks eight to ten feet high, into the water. in such case, the water must be deep, or we might have sustained damage. i have found, as a rule, that nearly all men who have much money or property think that they know it all, and are hard to convince. but some of the drovers learned by object lessons, and almost all of them thought they could swim their own cattle; and so they could have done, if they had known the correct plan, or had made the effort after sundown or before sunrise.

about the time set for his arrival, washakie, the great shoshone chieftain, came in with seven of his braves, and quietly walked around. first, he inspected the boat and its fixtures, or tackle; then he went to the brewery, the bakery, store, court room, whisky saloon, blacksmith shops, card tables, saw much money changing hands, and observed that money would purchase about anything the white man had.

when the chief had had a friendly visit all around, he went to the office of captain hawley, the ferryman. there he saw the captain taking and handling considerable money, among the precious metal being two or three fifty-dollar gold slugs. he asked for one of these, but the captain laughed at him, and offered him a silver dollar.

this action offended washakie, who walked away, and by some means got hold of some intoxicants. then he began to think what was going on in the land of his forefathers, and came to me and said: "this is my country, and my people's country. my fathers lived here, and drank water from this river, while our ponies grazed on these bottoms. our mothers gathered the dry wood from this land. the buffalo and elk came here to drink water and eat grass; but now they have been killed or driven back out of our land. the grass is all eaten off by the white man's horses and cattle, and the dry wood has been burned; and sometimes, when our young men have been hunting, and got tired and hungry, they have come to the white man's camp, and have been ordered to get out, and they are slapped, or kicked, and called 'd—d injuns.' then our young men get heap mad, and say that when they have the advantage of the white man, as they have often, they will take revenge upon him. sometimes they have been so abused that they have threatened to kill all the white men they meet in our land. but i have always been a friend to the white man, and have told my people never to moisten our land with his blood; and to this day the white man can not show in all our country where the shoshone has killed one of his people, though we can point to many abuses we have patiently suffered from him. now i can see that he only loves himself; he loves his own flesh, and he does not think of us; he loves heap money; he has a big bag full of it; he got it on my land, and would not give me a little piece. i am mad, and you heap my good friend, and i will tell you what i am going to do. every white man, woman or child, that i find on this side of that water," pointing to the river, "at sunrise tomorrow i will wipe them out" (rubbing his hands together). he went on: "you heap my friend; you stay here all right; you tell them to leave my land. if they are on the other side of my water, all right, me no kill them, they go home to their own country, no come back to my land. tomorrow morning when the sun come up, you see me. my warriors come, heap damn mad, and wipe them all out, no one leave."

"good-by, you tell him, chief, he mad!" was washakie's parting exclamation, as he mounted his horse and rode away to his camp on the big sandy, some fifteen miles back from the green river.