contentment among the saints in great salt lake valley—rude dwellings and short rations—trying experiences—rescue of mormon battalion members from starvation—carry news of the california gold discovery to the east—re-union of mormon battalion members—addresses by the first presidency and others—settling a new country—organization of minute men—cold winter—the gold fever—tenor of the preachings and prophesyings of those times—instructing the people in industrial pursuits—policy toward the indians.

notwithstanding the fact of the aspect in the great salt lake valley being gloomy, most of the people were contented with their lot, although the experiences of 1847 and 1848 had been anything but encouraging. some of the inhabitants were living in log cabins, others in dugouts, and still others in wagons, while some who did not have the latter had built brush sheds; almost everybody was living on short rations, crickets and grasshoppers having destroyed most of the crops. the whole face of the country was brown and dry, except small streaks along the water courses. there was no provender for our stock, and we could only turn them out upon the range, and trust them and ourselves to a kind providence. timber for fuel was in the mountains, and higher up in these there was timber for fencing and building purposes. in order to get either, we had to make roads at great expense, building bridges and cutting dugways, sometimes going in armed companies to protect ourselves from the threatening indian tribes. a long brush bowery was built in the town; we met there for religious services, and for all other purposes that made it necessary for the people to be called together.

october 6, 1848, a general conference of the church was held, and the people as a rule felt blessed, although there were a few who were very much discouraged as the rations grew short and the cold weather pinched more closely.

some time in october, news reached us that a small detachment of the mormon battalion coming from california was starving to death on the western deserts. their old comrades in arms soon gathered supplies and fitted up a team, and six or seven of us went out to give assistance. we met the suffering company at the point of the west mountains, about two days earlier than we had expected. the men were suffering, but not quite so badly as we had been led to believe from the word we had got. it was snowing when we met them, and continued to do so the greater part of the night and of the next day, so that we suffered much from cold before we reached shelter, for everything was soaked through. the company brought considerable gold, which was exhibited to many of the people.

some of our comrades were not so fortunate as to find their families in the great salt lake valley, so they pushed on to where these had been left, in iowa or nebraska. those men bore the news of the great gold discovery in california, and, as evidence of the truth of their story, showed the precious metal they had secured. thus the mormon battalion not only was at the discovery of gold in california and took part therein, but bore the news thereof eastward, until it spread to the world, causing great excitement.

the last detachment of the battalion for the season having arrived in the valley, a feast was prepared, and a re-union of the soldiers and their friends was called. it was made as grand an affair as could be under the circumstances, presidents brigham young and heber c. kimball leading out with liberal hands. we were welcomed in royal style; interesting speeches were made by the first presidency of the church, and also by the officers and soldiers of the battalion.

from that time things moved quietly, people making roads and getting out timber for various purposes, herding stock, fencing, and so on. at length the indians began to run off and kill the stock. a meeting was called and one hundred men selected to enroll themselves as minute men, the writer being one of the company. we were required each to keep a horse on hand, and to be ready at a minute's warning to march to any point of attack. we had to fit out ourselves, as there was no quartermaster's department on which officers could issue requisitions and have them honored. we had to provide our own provisions, and everything necessary for a campaign, at our own expense. most of the young men having horses of their own, and many of them having become expert horsemen, a full quota was furnished for the company. we had turned over to the church authorities, for the public defense, our two brass russian cannon. the minute men met for drill at regularly appointed times.

the winter of 1848-9 was quite cold. many people had their feet badly frozen. for one, the writer suffered so severely from this cause that he lost every nail from the toes of both feet. in february and march there began to be some uneasiness over the prospects, and as the days grew warmer the gold fever attacked many so that they prepared to go to california. some said they would go only to have a place for the rest of us; for they thought brigham young too smart a man to try to establish a civilized colony in such a "god-forsaken country," as they called the valley. they further said that california was the natural country for the saints; some had brought choice fruit pips and seed, but said they would not waste them by planting in a country like the great salt lake valley; others stated that they would not build a house in the valley, but would remain in their wagons, for certainly our leaders knew better than to attempt to make a stand in such a dry, worthless locality, and would be going on to california, oregon or vancouver's island; still others said they would wait awhile before planting choice fruits, as it would not be long before they would return to jackson county, missouri.

this discouraging talk was not alone by persons who had no experience in farming and manufacturing, but by men who had made a success at their various avocations where they had been permitted to work in peace, before coming west. good farmers said: "why the wheat we grew here last year was so short that we had to pull it; the heads were not more than two inches long. frost falls here every month in the year—enough to cut down all tender vegetation. more, james bridger and gudger, who have been in this country ten years or more, say that corn cannot be raised anywhere in these mountains. in fact, bridger has told president young that he will give a thousand dollars for the first bushel of corn raised in the open air here, for he says it cannot be done."

it was at this time of gloom that president young stood before the whole people, and said, in substance, that some people had misgivings, and some were murmuring, and had not faith to go to work and make their families comfortable; they had got the gold fever and were going to california. said he: "some have asked me about going. i have told them that god has appointed this place for the gathering of his saints, and you will do better right here than you will by going to the gold mines. some have thought they would go there and get fitted out and come back, but i told them to stop here and get fitted out. those who stop here and are faithful to god and his people will make more money and get richer than you that run after the god of this world; and i promise you in the name of the lord that many of you that go, thinking you will get rich and come back, will wish you had never gone away from here, and will long to come back but will not be able to do so. some of you will come back, but your friends who remain here will have to help you; and the rest of you who are spared to return will not make as much money as your brethren do who stay here and help build up the church and kingdom of god; they will prosper and be able to buy you twice over. here is the place god has appointed for his people. we have been kicked out of the frying-pan into the fire, out of the fire into the middle of the floor, and here we are and here we will stay. god has shown me that this is the spot to locate his people, and here is where they will prosper; he will temper the elements for the good of his saints; he will rebuke the frost and the sterility of the soil, and the land shall become fruitful. brethren, go to, now, and plant out your fruit seeds." stretching his arms to the east and to the west, with his hands spread out, he said: "for in these elements are not only all the cereals common to this latitude, but the apple, peach and plum; yea, and the more delicate fruits, the strawberry and raspberry; and we will raise the grape here and manufacture wine; and as the saints gather here and get strong enough to possess the land, god will temper the climate, and we shall build a city and a temple to the most high god in this place. we will extend our settlements to the east and west, to the north and to the south, and we will build towns and cities by the hundreds, and thousands of the saints will gather in from the nations of the earth. this will become the great highway of the nations. kings and emperors and the noble and wise of the earth will visit us here, while the wicked and ungodly will envy us our comfortable homes and possessions. take courage, brethren. i can stand in my door and can see where there is untold millions of the rich treasures of the earth—gold and silver. but the time has not come for the saints to dig gold. it is our duty first to develop the agricultural resources of this country, for there is no country on the earth that is more productive than this. we have the finest climate, the best water, and the purest air that can be found on the earth; there is no healthier climate anywhere. as for gold and silver, and the rich minerals of the earth, there is no other country that equals this; but let them alone; let others seek them, and we will cultivate the soil; for if the mines are opened first, we are a thousand miles from any base of supplies, and the people would rush in here in such great numbers that they would breed a famine; and gold would not do us or them any good if there were no provisions in the land. people would starve to death with barrels of gold; they would be willing to give a barrel of gold for a barrel of flour rather than starve to death. then, brethren, plow your land and sow wheat, plant your potatoes; let the mines alone until the time comes for you to hunt gold, though i do not think this people ever will become a mining people. it is our duty to preach the gospel, gather israel, pay our tithing, and build temples. the worst fear that i have about this people is that they will get rich in this country, forget god and his people, wax fat, and kick themselves out of the church and go to hell. this people will stand mobbing, robbing, poverty, and all manner of persecution, and be true. but my greater fear for them is that they cannot stand wealth; and yet they have to be tried with riches, for they will become the richest people on this earth."

my dear reader, the writer stood on the sixth ward square, salt lake city, in the year 1849, fifty-one years ago, and heard the foregoing spoken by president brigham young. now it is 1900. and i bear my testimony to the literal fulfillment of most of those sayings, and that portion which has not yet come to pass i most assuredly believe will do so. i entreat the reader of this to pause and reflect. was there divine inspiration in this matter, or not?

about the same time, parley p. pratt, one of the twelve apostles, told the people to save the hides of their cattle, tan them, and make boots and shoes for their families. he said that in the mountains there was spruce, pine bark, and shumac, with tanning properties; advised that they be gathered, and the beef hides tanned; and predicted that the time would come when leather would be tanned here, and boots and shoes would be manufactured and exported. it was also stated that we would raise sheep here, and would manufacture woollen fabrics and export them.

as the writer walked away from meeting that day, in company with some old and tried men, who had been mobbed and robbed, and driven from their homes, and whom he looked upon almost as pillars of the church, one of them said he had passed through such and such trials in the past, but that that day, 1849, was the darkest he ever had seen in the church. the thought of trying to settle this barren land, he said, was one of the greatest trials he had met. there were some three of the party particularly whom the writer thought were staunch men; one of these asked another what he thought of the preaching that day, and got the reply that it would do "to preach to d—d fools, but not to men of sense"—that it was insulting to a man's better senses, it was absurd to think that it was possible to manufacture anything for export from a country like this, where we were more likely to starve to death than to do anything else. now, after half a century has passed away, the writer refers to the manufacturing and mercantile establishments in these mountain valleys to establish which were the divinely inspired utterances of that day.

on one occasion in 1849, president heber c. kimball, when preaching to the people, exhorted them to be faithful as saints, to cultivate the earth, and let others dig the gold. he said it was not for the saints to dig it, but the time would come when they would learn to use it, and not abuse it, or the power that it gives; they would possess it by millions, and the time would come when people would be willing to give a bushel of gold for a bushel of wheat, when judgments and calamities would be poured out on the nations of the earth. he declared that people would come here by thousands, yea, tens of thousands would yet flee to zion for safety; they would come with their burdens on their backs, having nothing to eat, and the people here would have to feed them; others would bring their gold and silver, and envy the people here their peace and comfort, for god would temper the climate so that the saints would be able to raise everything they needed. elder kimball further said: "brethren, build good, large granaries, fill them with wheat, and keep it against the time when it will be needed. some people think we have passed the day of trial, but let me tell you that you need not fear that, for if you are faithful you shall have all the trials you can bear, and if you are not faithful you will have more, and will apostatize and go to hell. some people have come from the eastern states and the old country and said: "brother kimball, o that we could have been with you in kirtland, in jackson county, and in nauvoo, and shared the trials of the saints with you!" brethren, hold on a little while, and you shall have all the trials you will be able to stand; for god has said that he will have a tried people, so you may prepare yourselves; for before the roof is on the temple that we will build here, the devils will begin to howl, and before the capstone is laid you will begin to have your trials. your leaders will be hunted as wild beasts; we shall not be with you, and men will be left to themselves for awhile. then is the time that you should be filled with light, that you may be able to stand through the days of trial. now, you can leave your bench-tools on the workbench, and your plows and farming tools in the field; and can lie down and go to sleep without locking or bolting your doors; but the time will come when, if you do this, your tools will be stolen from you. these mountains will be filled with robbers, highwaymen, and all kinds of thieves and murderers, for the spirit of the old gadianton robbers lurks here in the mountains, and will take possession of men, and you will have to watch as well as pray, to keep thieves away. therefore, brethren, begin now to take better care of your tools; attach locks and bolts to your doors, and do not wait until the horse is stolen before you lock the door." elder kimball referred to the fact that the young men were becoming restless and did not know what to do; they ran hither and thither to the mines, and became rude and uncultivated. said he: "let me tell you, boys, what to do. marry the girls and build homes for yourselves. do not leave the young ladies to take up with strangers who will marry them and then desert them. if you do not marry them, i counsel the middle-aged and old men to marry the girls and treat them well, and let them have the opportunity to obey the first command of god to man, to multiply and replenish the earth. brethren, take to yourselves more wives; for if you do not, the time will come when you will not be permitted to do so. seek wisdom by faith and prayer; study and read all good books; study the arts and sciences; build good schoolhouses, and educate your children, that they may be able to perform the great work that will come upon them."

some of the most practical and best informed men in the community were called to deliver free lectures on farming, stockraising, etc., for many of the people had come from manufacturing centers and had no experience in agricultural life, consequently these people needed instruction, and it was given in every industrial pursuit that was practicable at the time, and that by experienced men. thus the people were incited in their labors to subdue this wild and then desert land—for it was barren and waste in the extreme.

president brigham young also instructed the people to treat the indians kindly, and divide food with them, "for," said he, "it is cheaper to feed than to fight them. teach them that we are their friends. indeed, treat every man civilly and kindly; treat every man as a gentleman until you prove him to be a rascal—then let him alone."

the foregoing is the tenor of the teaching and preaching to the people in 1848 and 1849, in what is now the state of utah.