it was a pleasant journey through the forest, with its thick and varied foliage, that afforded a shade from the sun's rays, with patches of open ground here and there bright with flowers. godfrey had enjoyed it at first, but he enjoyed it still more after he had got rid of the convict badge. he had now no fear of meeting anyone in the woods except charcoal-burners or woodmen, or escaped convicts like themselves. by such they would not be suspected of being aught but what they seemed—two peasants; unless[203] indeed, a hat should fall off. the first night after leaving the prison godfrey had done his best to obliterate the convict brand, by singeing it off as he had done before.

each day the air grew warmer, and they could pick as they walked any quantity of raspberries and whortleberries. luka always filled the kettle at each streamlet they came to, as they could never tell how long they would be before they arrived at another, and the supply rendered them independent, and enabled them to camp whenever they took a fancy to a spot. they walked steadily from sunrise to sunset, and as they went at a good pace godfrey was sure that they were doing fully the thirty-five miles a day he had calculated on. although sundays had not been observed at the prison, and the work went on those days as on others, godfrey had not lost count, and knew that it was on a monday evening that they had broken out, and each sunday was used as a day of rest.

"we are travelling at a good pace, luka," he said, "and thirty-five miles a day six days a week is quite enough, so on sundays we will always choose a good camping ground by a stream, wash our clothes, and rest."

they had little trouble about provisions. at lonely houses they could always obtain them, and there they were received very hospitably, the peasants often refusing absolutely to accept money, or at any rate giving freely of all the articles they themselves raised, and taking pay only for tea and sugar, which they themselves had to purchase. when no such places could be met with they went down to villages at night, and never failed to find bread and cakes on the window-sills, though it was not often that meat was there, for the peasants themselves obtained it but seldom. godfrey had no fear of his money running short for a long time. the six hundred roubles with which he arrived at kara had been increased by his earnings during the nine months[204] he had been there. he had spent but a few kopecks a week for tea and tobacco, and his pay while he had been a clerk was a good deal larger than while he had been working in the mine. luka, too, had saved every kopeck he had received from the day when godfrey told him that he would take him with him when he ran away. he had even given up smoking, and was with difficulty persuaded by godfrey to take some tobacco occasionally from him. between them in the nine months they had laid by nearly a hundred roubles, and had, therefore, after deducting the money given by godfrey to mikail and that paid for the gun and clothes, over five hundred roubles for their journey.

they were glad, indeed, when at last they saw the broad sheet of lake baikal. they had for some time been bearing to the north of west, and struck the lake some twenty miles from its head. there were a good many small settlements round the lake, a good deal of fishing being carried on upon it, although the work was dangerous, for terrible storms frequently swept down from the northern mountains and sent the boats flying into port. the lake is one of the deepest in the world, soundings in many places being over five thousand feet. many rivers run into the lake, the only outflow being by the angara. baikal is peculiar as being the only fresh-water lake in the world where seals are found, about two thousand being killed annually. the shores are in most places extremely steep, precipices rising a thousand feet sheer up from the edge of the water, with soundings of a hundred and fifty fathoms a few yards from their feet. fish abound in the lake, and sturgeon of large size are captured there.

godfrey knew that there were guard-houses with cossacks on the road between the northern point of water and the steep mountains that rise almost directly from it. he had specially studied the geography of this region, and knew[205] that after passing round the head of the lake there was a track across the hills by which they would, after travelling a hundred and fifty miles, strike the main road from irkutsk to yakutsk, near the town of kirensk, on the river lena. from kirensk it would be but little more than a hundred miles to the nearest point on the angara, which is one of the principal branches of the yenesei.

to gain this river would be a great point. the lena, which was even nearer to the head of lake baikal, also flowed into the arctic sea; but its course was almost due north, and it would be absolutely hopeless to endeavour to traverse the whole of the north coast of siberia. the angara and the yenesei, on the other hand, flowed north-west, and fell into the arctic sea near the western boundary of siberia, and when they reached that point they would be but a short distance from russia. it seemed to him that the only chance was by keeping by a river. in the great ranges of mountains in the north of siberia there would be no means of obtaining food, and to cross such a district would be certain death. by the rivers, on the other hand, there would at least be no fear of losing their way. the journey could be shortened by using a canoe if they could obtain one, and if not, a raft. they would often find little native villages or huts by the banks, and would be able to obtain fish from them. besides, they could themselves catch fish, and might possibly even winter in some native village. for all these reasons he had determined on making for the angara.

buying a stock of dried fish at a little fishing village on the lake they walked to within a mile of its head, there they slept for the night, and started an hour before daybreak, passed the cossack guard-house unseen just as the daylight was stealing over the sky, and then went along merrily.

the road was not much used, the great stream of traffic[206] passing across lake baikal, but was in fair condition, and they made good progress along it. long before that, luka had, after several attempts, made a bow to his satisfaction. it was formed of three or four strips of tough wood firmly bound together with waxed twine, they having procured the string and the wax at a farmhouse on the way. there was one advantage in taking this unfrequented route. the road between irkutsk and tomsk was, as godfrey had learned on his outward journey, frequented by bands of brigands who had no hesitation in killing as well as plundering wayfarers. here they were only likely to fall in with convicts who had escaped from irkutsk or from convoys along the road, and were for the most part perfectly harmless, seeking only to spend a summer holiday in freedom, and knowing that when winter came on they would have to surrender themselves.

of such men godfrey had no fear, his gun and his companion's bow and arrows rendered them too formidable to be meddled with, and until they came down upon the main road there was no chance of their meeting police officers or cossacks. no villages were passed on the journey, and godfrey, therefore, had no longer any hesitation in shooting the squirrels that frisked about among the trees. he found them, as luka had said, excellent eating, although it required three or four of them to furnish anything like a meal. he soon, however, gave over shooting, for he found that luka was at least as certain with his bow as he was with the gun, with the advantage that the blunt arrow did not spoil the skins. these, as luka told him, were valuable, and they would be able to exchange them for food, the siberian squirrel furnishing a highly-prized fur.

each day luka brought down at least a dozen of these little creatures, and these, with their dried fish and cakes made of flour, afforded them excellent food on their way.[207] after four days' walking across a lofty plateau they descended into a cultivated valley, and before them rose the cupolas of kirensk, while along the valley flowed the lena, as yet but a small river, although it would become a mighty flood before it reached the sea, nearly four thousand miles away. it would have to be crossed at kirensk, and they sat down and held a long council as to how they had best get through the town. they agreed that it must be done at night, for in the daytime they certainly would have to produce passports.

"there will not be much chance of meeting a cossack or a policeman at one or two o'clock in the morning, luka, and if there were any about we ought to be able to get past them in the dark."

"if one stops us i can settle him," luka said, tapping his knife.

"no, no, luka, we won't have any bloodshed if we can help it, though i do not mean to be taken. if a fellow should stop us and ask any questions, and try to arrest us, i will knock him down, and then we will make a bolt for it. there is no moon now, and it will be dark as pitch, so that if we kick out his lantern he would be unable to follow us. if he does, you let fly one of your blunted arrows at him. that will hit him quite hard enough, though it won't do him any serious damage. of course, if there are several of them we must fight in earnest, but it is very unlikely we shall meet with even two men together at that time of night."

accordingly they went in among some trees and lay down, and did not move until they heard the church bells of the distant town strike twelve. then they resumed their journey, keeping with difficulty along the road. once in the valley it became broader and better kept. at last they approached the bridge. godfrey had had some fear that there might be a sentry posted here, and was pleased to find it entirely deserted.

[208]

"we will take off our shoes here, luka, tie them with a piece of string, and hang them round our necks. we shall go noiselessly through the town then, while if we go clattering along in those heavy shoes, every policeman there may be in the streets will be on the look-out to see who we are."

they passed, however, through the town without meeting either policeman or soldier. the streets were absolutely deserted, and the whole population seemed to be asleep. once through the town they put on their shoes again, followed the road for a short distance, and then lay down under some trees to wait for daylight. now that they were in the country they had no fear of being asked for passports, and it was not until the sun was well up that they continued their journey. four miles farther they came upon a village, and went boldly into a small shop and purchased flour, tea, and such articles as they required. just as they came out the village policeman came along.

"where do you come from?" he asked.

"i don't ask you where you come from," godfrey replied. "we are quiet men and hunters. we pay for what we get, and harm no one who does not interfere with us. see, we have skins for sale if there is anyone in the village who will buy them."

"the man at the spirit-shop at the end of the village will buy them," the policeman said; "he gives a rouble a dozen for them."

"thank you," and with a russian salutation they walked on.

"of course he suspects what we are," godfrey said to his companion; "but there was no fear of his being too inquisitive. the authorities do not really care to arrest the wanderers during the summer months, as they know they will get them all when winter comes on; besides, in these villages all the people sympathize with us, and as we are[209] armed, and not likely to be taken without a fight, it is not probable that one man would care to venture his life in such a matter."

on arrival at the spirit-shop they went in.

"the policeman tells us you buy skins at a rouble for a dozen. we have ten dozen."

"are they good and uninjured?" the man asked.

"they are. there is not a hole in any of them."

the man looked them through carefully.

"i will buy them," he said. "do you want money, or will you take some of it in vodka?"

"we want money. we do not drink in summer when we are hunting."

the man handed over ten rouble notes, and they passed out. a minute later the policeman strolled in.

"wanderers?" he said with a wink. the vodka seller shrugged his shoulders.

"i did not ask them," he said. "they came to me with a good recommendation, for they told me that you had sent them here. so after that it was not for me to question them."

"i told them you bought skins," the policeman said. "they seemed well-spoken fellows. the one with the bow was a tartar or an ostjak, i should say; he may have been a yakute, but i don't think so. however, it matters little to me. if there was anything wrong they ought to have questioned them at kirensk; they have got soldiers there. why should i interfere with civil people, especially when one has a gun and the other arrows?"

"that was just my opinion," the other said. "well, here is a glass of vodka, and i will take one with you. they are good skins, all shot with a blunt arrow."

godfrey and his companion now took matters easily. there was no motive for hurrying, and they devoted themselves seriously to the chase.

[210]

"we must have skins for the winter," luka said. "i can dress and sew them. the squirrels are plentiful here, and if we set snares we may catch some foxes. we shall want some to make a complete suit with caps for each of us, and skins to form bags for sleeping in; but these last we can buy on the way. the hunters in summer bring vast quantities of skins down to the rivers to be taken up to krasnoiarsk by steamer, and you can get elk skins for a rouble or two, which will do for sleeping bags, but they are too thick for clothing unless they are very well prepared. at any rate we will get as many squirrel skins as we can, both for clothes, and to exchange for commoner skins and high boots."

it was three weeks after they had left kirensk before they struck the angara, near karanchinskoe. they had traversed a distance, as the crow flies, of some eight hundred miles since leaving kara, but by the route they had travelled it was at least half as far again, and they had been little over ten weeks on the journey. luka had assured godfrey that they would have no difficulty in obtaining a boat.

"everywhere there are fishing people on the rivers," he said. "there are tunguses—they are all over siberia. there are the ostjaks on all the rivers. there are my own people, but they are more to the south, near minusinsk, and from there to kasan, and seldom come far north. in summer everyone fishes or hunts. i could make you a boat with two or three skins of bullocks or horses or elk, it only needs these and a framework of wood; but we can buy one for three or four roubles a good one. we want one strong and large and light, for the river is terribly swift. there are places where it runs nearly as fast as a horse can gallop."

"certainly we will get a good-sized one, luka. if the[211] river runs so swiftly we shall have no paddling to do, and therefore it will not matter at all about her being fast; besides, we shall want to carry a good load. we will not land oftener than we can help, and can sleep on board, and it will be much more comfortable to have a boat that one can move about in without being afraid of capsizing her. whatever it costs, let us get a good boat."

"we will get one," luka said confidently. "we shall find ostjaks' huts all along the banks, and at any of these, if they have not a boat that will suit us, they will make us one in two or three days."

avoiding the town, and passing through the villages at night, they kept along down the river bank for four days. the river was as wide as the thames at greenwich, with a very rapid current. they saw in some of the quiet reaches fishing-boats at work, some with nets, others with lines, and at night saw them spearing salmon and sturgeon by torch-light. across the river they made out several of the yourts or summer tents of the ostjaks, but it was not until the fourth day that they came upon a group of seven or eight of these tents on the river bank. the men were all away fishing, but the women came out to look at the strangers. as luka spoke their dialect he had no difficulty in opening the conversation with them. he told them that he and his companion wanted to go down the river to yeneseisk, and wished to buy a boat, a good one.

the women said that some of the men would be in that evening, and that the matter could be arranged.

"they will be glad to sell us a boat," luka said to godfrey. "they are very poor the ostjaks; they have nothing but their tents, their boats, and their clothes. they live on the fish they catch, but fish are so plentiful they can scarce get anything for them, so they are very glad when they can sell anything for money."

[212]

the ostjak men arrived just before it became dark. they wore high flat-topped fur caps, a dress something like a long loose blouse, and trousers of fine leather tucked into boots that came up to the knee. most of them had bows and arrows in addition to their fishing gear. godfrey felt no uneasiness among these men as he would have done among the buriats in the east, for they were now at a distance from any convict settlements, and these people would know nothing about the rewards offered to the natives in the neighbourhood of the mines for the arrest of prisoners. a present of some tobacco, of which godfrey had laid in a large stock, put the ostjaks into an excellent temper. fish were broiling over the fire when they returned, and the two travellers joined them at their meal. after this was over and pipes lighted the subject of the boat was discussed. the ostjaks were perfectly ready to trade. they said they would sell any of their six boats for three roubles, and that if they did not think any of these large enough they would build them a larger one in three days for six roubles.

godfrey had exchanged twenty roubles for kopecks at the first village they had passed after reaching the river, as he knew that notes would be of no use among the native tribes, and without bargaining he accepted the offer they made. after passing the night stretched by the fire they went down with the men in the morning to inspect the boats. they were larger than he had expected to find them, as the fishing population often shift their quarters by the river and travel in boats, taking their family, tent, and implements with them.

"what do you think, luka?"

"they are large enough," luka said, "but they are not in very good condition. i should say that farthest one would do very well; but let us have a look at the state of the skins."

[213]

the boat was hauled ashore and carefully examined. three or four of the skins were found to be old and rotten; the rest had evidently been renewed from time to time.

"we will take this if you will put in four good skins," luka said to the owner.

"it will be six roubles if we put in fresh skins," the ostjak said. "we will put in good skins and grease all the boat, and then it will be the same as new. the other skins were all new last year."

"no," luka said. "you said you would build a whole boat larger than this for six roubles."

the men talked together. "we will do it for five roubles," they said at last, and luka at once agreed to the terms.

there was no time lost. the ostjaks ordered the women to set about it at once, and leaving the matter in their hands went off to their fishing. godfrey asked them to take him with them, leaving luka to see to the repairs of the boat. the fishing implements were of the roughest kind. the hooks were formed of fish bones, bound together by fine gut; the lines were twisted strips of skin, strong gut attaching the hook to these lines; the bait was small pieces of fat, varied by strips of fish with the skin on them. clumsy as the appliances were, jack, tench, and other fish were caught in considerable numbers, and among them two or three good-sized salmon. the nets were of coarse mesh, made of hemp, which grows wild in many parts of siberia. they were some ten feet in depth and some twenty yards long. the upper ends were supported by floats made of bladders, and the whole anchored across the stream by ropes at the extremities, fastened to heavy stones. in these nets a considerable quantity of fish were taken. the fishing was over early, for there had been a good supply taken on the[214] previous day, and as at this time of year they would not keep, it was useless obtaining more.

when they reached shore the common sorts of fish were thrown to the dogs; a dozen of the best picked out, and with these two of the men started at once for the nearest village, where they would be sold for a few kopecks; the rest were handed over to the women, while the men proceeded to throw themselves down by the fire and smoke. godfrey went to see how the women were getting on with the boat. they had already made a great deal of progress. the skins, which had been chosen by luka from a pile in the hut, were already prepared by having fat rubbed into them. the hair was left on them, as that would come inside. the bad skins had been taken off, the others cut to fit, and now only required sewing into their places. as a matter of course godfrey and luka took their meals with the ostjaks and greatly enjoyed the change of diet. they gladdened the hearts of their hosts by producing a packet of tea, of which a handful was poured into a pot of water boiling over the fire. the liquor was drunk with delight by the ostjak men and women, but godfrey could not touch it, for some of the fish had already been boiled in the water, which the ostjaks had not thought it necessary to change.

at night he went out again with them in the boats for a short time to see them spear salmon. a man holding a large torch made of strips of resinous wood stood in the bow of the boat, and on either side of him stood an ostjak holding a long barbed spear. in a short time there were swirls on the surface of the river. these increased till the water round the boat seemed to boil. the ostjaks were soon at work, and in half an hour twenty fine salmon were lying in the bottom of the boat, and then having caught as much as there was any chance of selling the natives they returned[215] to their yourts. the next morning the work on the boat was resumed, and as all the women assisted it was finished in a very short time. then melted fat was poured into the seams, and the whole boat vigorously rubbed with the same. by twelve o'clock it was finished. then there was a little fresh bargaining for two salmon spears, a supply of torches, half a dozen common fox skins, and three large hides for stretching over the boat at night. some of the lines and fish-hooks were also bought, and a few fish for present consumption, then godfrey and luka took their places in the boat, and bidding farewell to the ostjaks paddled out into stream.

the boat was some twenty feet long and six feet wide in the centre. it was almost flat-bottomed, and drew but two or three inches of water. a flat stone had been placed on a layer of clay in the bottom, and they had taken with them a bundle of firewood. godfrey was in the highest spirits. it was true that the real dangers of the journey had not yet begun, but so far everything had gone very much better than he had anticipated. he had not thought there would be any chance of recapture, for he knew that unless they came into the towns the russians took no trouble about the escaped convicts. all the convicts with whom he had spoken had agreed that there was little trouble in sustaining life in the forests during summer, for that even if they could not obtain food from the peasants they had only to carry off a sheep at night from the folds.

"that is why the peasants are so ready to give," one said. "i don't say that they are not sorry for us, but the real reason is they know that if they did not give we should take, and instead of being harmless wanderers, as they call us, we should be driven to become bandits."

still godfrey had anticipated much greater difficulties than they had met with; in fact up to the present time it[216] had been simply a delightful tramp through the woods. the next part of the journey would, he expected, be no less pleasant. they had a large and comfortable boat, well adapted for the navigation of the river. there would be no difficulty as to food, for fish could be obtained in any quantities, and grain was, he had heard from some of the tartar prisoners who knew that portion of the yenesei, abundant and extraordinarily cheap.

he seated himself in the stern of the boat with a paddle. there was no occasion to steer, for it mattered in no way whether the boat drove down the river bow or stern first; but at present it was an amusement to keep her straight with an occasional stroke with the paddle. luka sat on the floorboards at the bottom of the boat, and set himself to work to manufacture from the squirrels' skins two fur caps of the same pattern as those worn by the ostjaks. godfrey had asked him to do so in order that they might be taken for members of that tribe by anyone looking at them from the villages on the banks. as to the dress it did not signify, as many of the more settled ostjaks had adopted the russian costume. godfrey intended to fish as they drifted along, but they had at present at least as much fish on board as they could consume while it was good. luka, as he worked, sang a lugubrious native ditty, while with his knife he trimmed the skins into shape. having done this he proceeded to sew them together with great skill.

"why, you are quite a tailor, luka," godfrey remarked.

"every one sews with us," luka replied. "the women do most, but in winter the boys help, and sometimes the men, to make rugs and robes of the skins of the beasts we have taken in the summer. what do you say, shall i leave these tails hanging down all round, except just in front? they often wear them so in winter."

"but it is not winter now, luka."

[217]

"no, it is not winter; but you see the ostjaks and most of the russians wear their hair long, quite down to the neck. our hair is growing, but at present it will only just lie down flat. if i leave on these black tails round the caps, at a little distance it will look like hair. then, if you like, i can make two summer caps to put on when we land to buy anything."

"very well, luka, i think the idea is a good one. the people do wear their hair long, and our close crops might excite attention. this is better than gold-digging at kara, isn't it?"

luka nodded. "no good for man always to work," he said. "good to lie quiet sometimes."

"i don't know that i care about lying quiet generally, luka, but it is pleasant to do so in a boat. i am keeping a look-out for wild-fowl, it would make a pleasant change to fish diet."

"not so far south as this. the yenesei swarms with them in winter, but in summer they go north. just before the frost begins you can shoot as many as you like."

"that will be something to look forward to. when does the weather begin to get cold and dry?"

"where i lived the nights began to get cold at the end of september, but we shall be far down the yenesei by that time, and it will begin early in the month."

"we shall be a long way down," godfrey said, "if we keep on at this pace. we must be going past the banks eight or nine versts an hour."

"that is nothing; it will be more than twice that some times. the angara between the lake and irkutsk runs fifteen versts. when i was taken east we saw barges, each towed up-stream by twenty horses, and it took them sometimes four days, sometimes six, to make forty-five versts."

as they went along they passed several fishing-boats, but[218] as they were keeping in the middle of the stream, while the boats lay in the slacker water near the shore, there was no conversation. twice the ostjaks shouted to know where they were going, but luka only replied by pointing down the stream. the journey was singularly uneventful. at night they lit a torch for a short time, and generally speared sufficient fish for the next day, but if not, they cut a strip or two from the back of one they had caught, baited three or four hooks and dropped them overboard, and never failed in a short time to fill up their larder. sometimes they grilled the fish over the fire, sometimes fried them, sometimes cut them up in pieces that would go into the kettle, and boiled them. occasionally, when evening approached, they paddled to the shore near a village, and luka, whose tartar face was in keeping with his dress, went boldly in and purchased tobacco, tea, and flour, and a large block of salt, occasionally bringing off a joint of meat, for which the price was only four kopecks, or about a penny a pound; five kopecks being worth about three halfpence according to the rate of exchange. a hundred kopecks go to the rouble; the silver rouble being worth from two and tenpence to three shillings and twopence, the paper rouble about two shillings.

at first godfrey had steered half the night and luka the other half, but after the second night they gave this up as a waste of labour, as the boat generally drifted along near the middle of the river, and even had it floated in-shore no harm would have been done. the fox skins made them a soft bed, and they spread a couple of the large skins over the boat and were perfectly warm and comfortable. godfrey thought that on an average they did a hundred and twenty miles a day. on the eighth day the river, which had been widening gradually, flowed into another and greater stream, the yenesei. hitherto they had been travelling almost due west, but the yenesei ran north. as they floated down[219] they had had much conversation as to their plans. it was now nearly the end of august, and it would not be long before winter was upon them. another month and the yenesei would be frozen, and they would be obliged to winter. the question was where should they do so?

spearing fish by torch-light. spearing fish by torch-light.

now they were on the yenesei luka was on his native river, though his home was fully a thousand miles higher up. godfrey had at first proposed that he should disembark here and make his way up the banks home, but the offer filled luka with indignation.

"what are you going to do without me?" he asked. "you can talk a little tartar, quite enough to get on among my people, but how could you get on with the ostjaks? besides, even if i were to leave you, and i would rather die than do that, i could not go to my home, for in my native village i should be at once arrested and sent back to the mines. i might live among other tartars, but what good would that be? they would be strangers to me. why should i leave you, who have been more than a brother to me, to go among strangers? no, wherever you go i shall go with you, and when you get to your own land i shall be your servant. you can beat me if you like, but i will not leave you. did you not, for my sake, strike down the man in the prison? did you not take me with you, and have you not brought me hither? what could i have done alone? if you are tired of me shoot me, but as long as i live i will not leave you."

godfrey hastened to assure luka that he had only spoken for his good, that he was well aware that without him he should have little chance of getting through the winter, and that nothing therefore was farther from his thoughts than to separate himself from him if he was willing to remain. it was some time before luka was pacified, but when he at last saw that godfrey had no intention whatever of leaving[220] him behind if he were willing to go with him, he recovered his spirits and entered into the discussion as to where they had better winter. he had never been below the town of yeneseisk, but he knew that the ostjaks were to be found fully a thousand miles below that town, especially on the left bank of the river, but below that, and all along the right bank, the tunguses and yuraks were the principal tribes. it was finally agreed that they should keep on for at least eight hundred miles beyond yeneseisk, and then haul up their boat and camp at some ostjak village, and there remain through the winter.

"we will get at yeneseisk whatever you think the ostjak will prize most—knives and beads for the women, and some cheap trinkets and looking-glasses. some small hatchets, too, would probably be valued."

"yes," luka said, "ostjaks have told me that their kindred far down the river were more like the people to the extreme north by the sea. they are pagans there, and not like us to the south. they have reindeer which draw their sledges. they are very poor and know nothing. from them we can get furs, but we can buy goat-skins and sheep-skins at yeneseisk."

"we shall have to depend upon them for food," godfrey said.

"why, we can get food for ourselves," luka said somewhat indignantly. "when the cold begins, before the river freezes, we shall get great quantities of fish. they will freeze hard, and last till spring. then, too, the river will be covered with birds. we shall shoot as many as we can of these, and freeze them too. flour we must take with us, but flour is very cheap at yeneseisk. corn will not grow there, but they bring it down in great boats from the upper river."

"but how do they get the boats back, luka?"

[221]

"they do not get them back; they break them up for firewood. firewood is dear at yeneseisk, and they get much more for the barges for fires than it cost to build them in the forests higher up."

"then how do they do for fires among the ostjaks?"

"i have heard they do not have wood fires; they kill seals. there are numbers of them farther down the river, and from their fat they make oil for lamps and burn these. we shall be in no hurry as we go down. we will float near the banks, and may kill some seals. what are you thinking of?" for godfrey was looking rather serious.

"i was thinking, luka, that these things we are thinking of buying, the things to trade with the ostjaks, you know, and the flour, and tea, and goat-skins, and so on, will take a good deal of money. we don't spend much now, but when we get into russia we shall want money. we can't beg our way right across the country."

"no;" luka said, "but we shall not be idle all the winter."

"how do you mean we shall not be idle, luka?"

"we must hunt; that is what the ostjaks and tunguses do. we must get skins of beaver, sable, ermine, and black foxes, and we must sell them at turukhansk. there are russian traders there. they do not live there in the winter, but come down in the spring to buy the skins that have been taken in the winter."

"that sounds more cheerful," godfrey said. "you had better get another flask of powder, and some more bullets and shot for me, luka, and some better arrow-heads for yourself."

"yes, we shall want them more than anything. we can do without flour, but we cannot do without weapons."

"well, you must do the buying, luka. they will take you for an ostjak, from some village up the river, who has[222] come in to lay in his stock of provisions for the winter. it is of no use my trying to pass here as a native, though in russia i might be taken as a russian."