behold, added the prefect, showing me the extent of the fantastical tree, behold leaves for a century of designs, of discoveries, and of writings. thou mayest examine at thy leisure what, during that space, will torment above a million of heads.

i drew near, and attentively viewed a good while the wonderful tree, especially those branches on which the sciences vegetated; and after having examined it to the last boughs with all the attention and exactness i am capable of, i think myself qualified to make here some predictions.

the historical branch has an admirable effect; all the events are painted 266like a camayeu[14], as by the hand of the greatest masters. so many leaves, so many little pictures. what will most surprise, is, that these pictures, seen in different points of view, represent the same subject, but represent it very variously: and, according to the manner of beholding it, the same action appears courageous or rash, zealous or fanatical, rational or silly, proud or magnanimous. so, according to the point of view, wherein these leaves present themselves to the brain of an historian, he will see things in a good or bad light, and will write accordingly. 267i would not have such works entitled, the history of what passed in such a time, but rather, the manner in which such an author saw what passed. moreover this branch is plentifully furnished, and should be so. as long as there are men, there will be ambition, traitors, disturbers of the publick peace, merit will be forgotten and the worthless preferred, virtue will be oppressed, vice will be triumphant, countries will be ravaged, cities will be sacked, and thrones will be dyed in blood; and these are the food of history; excellent school, for youth to learn lessons of humanity, candor, and sincerity!

the metaphysical branch is almost equally furnished: but its leaves are very thin, and their fibres so excessively small, that they are hardly perceivable. 268i greatly pity the brains where they will settle. i see but one way to give them ease: and that is, to treat the most thorny questions after the modern manner; i mean to supply the want of clear ideas and deep reflections, by bold and confident assertions, which may serve to impose.

the moral branch droops, and receives scarce any sap; its withered leaves declare an approaching decay; alas! it is dying. the plans on it are quite effaced. this is too visible from the works that are published of this kind. the ideas of good and evil are confounded; virtue is so disguised as hardly to be known, nor is it easy to discern what is to be called vice. and yet, the whole is not said. there remains many arguments to be published against 269the obsolete notion of justice; many jests to be passed upon those who still talk of probity in the old fashioned stile; many fresh proofs to demonstrate, that national, private, and especially personal interest, should be the sole rule of conduct. at these so fine lessons, the babylonians will clap their hands and cry: “in truth, all the world was blind; and men did not see clearly till this present time.”

the poetical branch is in a very bad state; there are only a few boughs left, among others, the dramatic bough, and that so very weak, it can hardly support itself. there will appear from time to time at babylon some tragic poets, but no comic. i suspect the reason. formerly the babylonians were only ridiculous; 270they were brought upon the stage and people laughed: now, they are almost all vicious, but vicious upon principle; and such objects by no means raise laughter. the manners begin to be no longer theatrical.

the panegyrical branch is very considerable, and bends under its load. there will be panegyricks applicable to a great man from whom some favour is expected; to an author who having flattered, receives homage for homage; to another, who is flattered, in order that he may flatter again. there will be some commercial ones, which will be sold, to one for his protection, to another for his table, to a third for his money. there will be also some, and in great plenty for those, who beg them: 271but there will be hardly any for those that deserve them the most.

with good-sense alone, and the simplest notions which a bough of the philosophical branch furnishes, and which teach to estimate the things of this life according to their value, there will be formed, among the people, a number of practical philosophers; whilst, among the men of letters, all the penetration imaginable, all the knowledge they think they have, all the wit in the world will form only imperfect philosophers. they will avoid praises, but so as to attain them by some round-about way. they will profess the most ardent zeal for all the citizens, nay, for all men in general; but they will care only for themselves. they will decide upon the most complicated, 272the most obscure, the most important questions, with an astonishing confidence; but in deciding everything they will clear up nothing. they will wear outwardly the most reserved modesty; inwardly they will be eaten up by ambition. now, shall we call such persons philosophers? it is thus that we give the name of stars to those meteors, which kindle sometimes in the upper region of the air, make a blaze, and instantly vanish.

in general, i thought, i saw upon a great number of leaves, things entirely contradictory. the century will slide away, and the sentiments upon the same objects will not be reconciled. according to custom, each will speak his opinion, and attack the rest. disputes 273will arise; and the most bitter ironies, the strongest invectives, the most cutting railleries, nothing will be spared to raise the laughter of the crowd, and the pity of the wise.