mean while the prefect moved on and i followed, quite astonished and pensive. at our coming out of the wood we found ourselves before a hill, at the foot of which stood a hollow column above a hundred feet high and thick in proportion. i saw issuing out of the top of the column vapours (much like the exhalations raised by the sun) in such abundance that they were very visible. from the same column i saw coming out and dispersing themselves in the air certain human forms, certain images still lighter than the vapours by which they were supported.

28behold (says the prefect) the refiner of the elementary spirits. the column is filled with four essences, each of which has been extracted from each element. the spirits plunge into them, and by a mechanism, too long to be described, get rid of all extraneous matter. the images which thou seest coming out of the column, are nothing more than very thin surfaces which surrounded them and served to make them visible. these surfaces partake of the different qualities of the spirits who excel more or less in certain respects, as visages are expressive of the characters of men, who differ infinitely. thus, there are images or surfaces of science, of learning, of prudence, of wisdom, &c.

29men often cloath themselves with them, and like masks these surfaces make them appear very different from what they really are. hence it is that you constantly meet with the appearance of every good, of every virtue and every quality, though the things themselves are scarce to be found any where.

at babylon especially, these surfaces are in singular esteem: all is seen there in appearance. a babylonian had rather be nothing and appear every thing than to be every thing and appear nothing. so, you see only surfaces every where and of every kind.

surface of modesty, the only thing needful for a babylonian lady: it is called decency.

30surface of friendship, by the means of which all babylon seems to be but one family. friendship is like a strong band made of very weak threads twisted together. a babylonian is tied to no one by the band, but he is tied to each of his fellow-citizens by a single thread.

surface of piety, formerly much in use and of great influence, now-a-days totally in disrepute. it gives people a certain gothic air quite ridiculous in the eyes of the moderns. it is now found only among a few adherents to the old bigots, and in an order of men, who, on account of their function, cannot lay it aside, how desirous soever they may be.

31surface of opulence, one of the most striking things in babylon. behold in the temples, in the assemblies, in the publick walks, those citizens so richly dressed, those women so adorned, those children so neat, so lively, and who promise so fair to be one day as frivolous as their fathers: follow them to their homes; furniture of the best taste, commodious apartments, houses like little palaces, all continues to proclaim opulence. but stop there: if you go any farther, you will see families in distress and hearts overflowing with cares.

surface of probity, for the use of politicians and those who concern themselves with the management of others. these great men cannot be as honest as the lower people; they have certain 32maxims from which they think it essential never to depart, and from which it is no less essential that they appear extremely remote.

surface of patriotism, of which the real substance has long since disappeared. we must distinguish, in the conduct of the babylonians, between the theory and the practice. the theory turns entirely upon patriotism. publick good, national interest, glory of the babylonian name, all this is the language of theory. the practice hangs solely upon the hinge of private interest. it is very remarkable that in this respect the babylonians have long been dupes of one another. each plainly perceived that country did not much affect him; but he heard others talk of it so often 33and so affectionately that he verily believed there was still such a thing as a true patriot. but now their eyes are open and they see that all are alike.