peccavi! i hope the reader will forgive me for my luckless description of the procession to lay the corner stone of the halifax lunatic asylum, in chapter i. no person can trifle or jest with the object of so noble a charity. but the procession itself was pretty much as i have described it; indeed, pretty much like all the civic processions i have ever witnessed in any country. the following account of the results of that good work may interest the reader:

"a visit to the lunatic asylum building, on the eastern side of the harbor, furnishes some notes of interest. the walk from the ferry has very pleasing features of village, farming and woodland character. the building stands on a rising ground, which commands a noble view of the western bank of the harbor opposite; northward, of the narrows and basin; and southward, of the islands, headlands and ocean. the medical superintendent of the institution is actively engaged carrying out plans toward the completion of the building, and gives very courteous facilities to visitors. the part of the asylum which now appears of such respectable dimensions is just one-third part of the intended building. it is expected to accommodate ninety patients; the completed building, two hundred and fifty. the private and public rooms, cooking,[pg 318] serving, heating and other apartments appear to be very judiciously arranged, with an eye to good order, cheerfulness and thorough efficiency. the building is well drained, defective mason-work has been remedied, and all appears steadily advancing towards the consummation of wishes long entertained by its philanthropic projectors. the building is to be lighted with gas manufactured on the premises; all the apartments are to be heated by steam; and the water required for various purposes of the establishment, after being conveyed from the lakes, is to be raised to the loft immediately under the roof, and there held in tanks, ready for demand. the roofing we understand to be a model for lightness of material and firmness of construction. the heating apparatus occupies the underground floor. it consists of numerous coils of metal tubes, to which the steam is conveyed from an out-building, which contains the furnace and other apparatus. from the hot-air apartment the warm air is conveyed, by means of flues, to the various rooms of the building, each flue being under the immediate control of the officers of the institution. ventilation is obtained by flues communicating with the space just below the roof; and the impure air is expected to pass off through openings in the cupola which rises above the roof ridges. by the heating apparatus the danger and trouble consequent on numerous fires are avoided, at about the same expense which the common mode would cause. very judicious arrangements for drainage, laying off the grounds, etc., appear to have been adopted, and are in progress. the building is to be approached by a gracefully curved carriage road. the grounds are to be surrounded by a hawthorn fence, immediately within which will be a shaded, thoroughly drained path for walking. the slopes of the hill in front are[pg 319] in course of levelling, and will soon present a scene of lawn and grain field; while a southwest area is laid off as an extensive garden and nursery of trees and shrubs. this important appendage to such an institution is charmingly situated, as regards scenery; and, with its terraces, plantation, vegetable and flower departments, etc., will soon be a very admirable place of resort for purposes of sanitary toil, or retirement and rest. we rejoice that, altogether, the establishment promises to be a very decided proof of provincial advance, and a credit to the country. after all the difficulties, delays and doubts that have occurred, this is a very gratifying result. the building is expected to be ready for reception of patients sometime in september, or the early part of october."—halifax morning sun, june 14, 1858.

halifax.—the following letter of a correspondent of the new york times may interest the reader. it is a very fair account of the aspect of the chief city of this province:

"the lieutenant-governor, sir j. gaspard le marchant, is said to be a severe disciplinarian. he served in the wars of the peninsula, and is now being rewarded for his distinguished services as governor of this province. he reviews the troops twice a week upon the common, and is very strict. the evolutions of the rank and file are the most perfect exhibitions of the kind i have ever witnessed. during one of these reviews i took occasion to remark to a citizen that they were almost equal to the seventh regiment of new york. the bystanders laughed incredulously. the bands are as per[pg 320]fect in movement as the troops. the whole affair passes off literally like clock-work, a pendulum being kept in sight of the reviewing officers, by which to measure the music of the bands, and step of the soldiers. each review concludes with a presentation of the royal standard—the identical colors which were first unfurled upon the redan by this regiment at the fall of sebastopol. the ceremony is impressive, an almost superstitious reverence being paid to the triumphant bunting. the review ended, the band remains for a half hour to play for the entertainment of the citizens, who generally attend in large numbers.

"there are among the officers and soldiers of the 62d and 63d many bearing upon their left breasts the victoria medal, and other decorations bestowed for distinguished bravery at sebastopol. the most eminent of these is colonel ingall, who has both breasts covered with these testimonials of bravery. they are not, however, confined to the officers, but many of the rank and file are favored in like manner.

"the military as a whole are popular among the citizens, and many of the officers, and not a few of the privates since their return from the crimea, have stormed other malakoffs, when the victory has been as signal, if the risks have not been as great, carrying off, as trophies, some of the finest girls in the place.

"upon entering this harbor from the sea the principal objects of interest to a stranger are the fortifications which line its two sides, the first three or four being round castles pierced for two tiers of guns, and having temporary wooden roofs thrown over them to protect the works; they are situated upon prominent points and islands commanding both entrances. the first principal fort is that situated at the[pg 321] junction of the 'northwest arm' with the harbor. this is a granite structure of some pretensions, and during the past season was, with the high, level lands which surround it, made the head-quarters or camping-ground for the troops. tents here covered all the hill-side, presenting a very picturesque appearance; camp life was adopted in all its details, and the most thorough drilling was gone through with, including the digging of trenches, throwing up earth-works, etc. the fortifications upon george's island, just below the town, are being extended and strengthened, and when completed, will be the principal defence of the harbor. the citadel or fort george, occupies the high, round hill which rises directly back of the town, to about three hundred feet above the tide, and perfectly commands the town and adjacent harbor. there is said to be room enough within its walls for all the inhabitants of the town, to which they could retreat in case of a siege. from a personal inspection, however, i judge they would have to pack them pretty closely. the works cover an area of about six acres, there being a double line of forts, composed of massive granite, and presenting every variety of angle. a ditch twenty-five feet deep and sixty feet wide surrounds it on all sides, with a single entrance or bridgeway, on the east aide, which could be removed in an hour. two ravelins, which have been lately completed within the walls, are elegant specimens of masonry. the whole hill is being rounded off, and a line of earth-works are to be constructed at its base at every salient angle. the parapet is now covered at wide intervals, with 32-pounders, mounted upon iron carriages. extensive changes and improvements are being adopted, and when the present plans are complete, this fort, it is said, will mount over 400 guns. the cast-iron[pg 322] swivel carriages are condemned as being too liable to injury from cannon-shots, and are all to be replaced by others made of teak-wood.

"there exists, evidently, some reluctance among the officers in command to a close inspection of these works by foreigners. an instance in point occurred to-day. there were two young men, americans, looking at the fort. they had obtained permission, which is given in writing by the quartermaster-general, to inspect the signal-station, etc., but they were observed with paper and pencil in hand, taking down particular memoranda of the fortification, the size of guns, their number, the positions of the ravelins and what not. as this was considered a palpable breach of courtesy, a sergeant tapped them on the shoulder and led them out of the gate, with a reprimand for what he called their want of good manners. it is a long time since anything of the kind has occurred.

"this citadel is the place from which all vessels are signalled to the town. the signal stations are four in number; the first being at the citadel, the second at 'york redcut,' five miles down the harbor, the third, 'camperdown,' some ten miles further, and the fourth, with which this last signals, is the island of 'sambro,' ten miles south of the entrance to the harbor. the system is carried on by means of a series of black balls, which are hoisted in different positions upon two yard-arms, a long and a short one, placed one above the other on a tall flag-staff. the communication is very rapid, and is exempt from liability to mistakes. a sentence transmitting an order of any kind from one of the lower stations is sent and received in less than two minutes. the distance from 'sambro,' the outer station, is about twenty miles[pg 323] from the citadel. maryatt's code of marine signals is in use here. the new marine code, lately issued under the auspices of the london board of trade, 'for all nations,' is pronounced by the operator as too complicated to become of any practical use, necessitating, as it would, the employment of a 'flag-lieutenant' on board every ship, who should do nothing but the signalling, since not one captain in a hundred would ever have the time or patience to acquaint himself with its mysteries.

"some works of internal improvement are in progress, which will be important in promoting the prosperity and in developing the resources of this province. a railroad across the isthmus to truro, with a branch-road to windsor, will connect the interior towns with halifax, and furnish modern facilities for communication with the other provinces and with the states. twenty-two miles of the road are already completed, and the remainder will be finished soon. a canal is also in progress from the head of halifax harbor (north side) in the direction of truro, which is to connect a remarkable chain of lakes with the shubenacadie river, which empties into minas' basin at the head of the bay of fundy. great results are anticipated in favor of the farming and other interests along its route. the work is in an advanced stage towards completion.

"there is, it is said, no portion of the american continent so abundantly supplied with water communication as nova scotia. the whole interior is a continuous chain of lakes. the coast is rocky and most unpromising, but the interior is said to contain some of the best farming land east of illinois. hon. albert pillsbury, the american consul, who is thoroughly conversant with the resources of the province, declares it, in[pg 324] his opinion, the richest portion of the american continent—richest in coal, minerals and agricultural resources. mr. pillsbury takes advantage of his well-deserved popularity in the province to tell the blue noses some home truths. on one occasion he told them it was evident the lord knew they were the laziest people on the earth, and had, therefore, taken pity on them, and given them more facilities for transacting their business than were possessed by any other people under the sun.

"in the newspaper line nova scotia appears to be fully up to the spirit of the age. the following is a list of all kinds published in the province:

"tri-weeklies.—morning journal, morning chronicle, morning advertiser, the sun, and british colonist.

"weeklies.—acadian recorder, nova scotian, weekly sun, and weekly colonist.

"religious (?).—church times, episcopal; presbyterian witness, presbyterian church of nova scotia, etc.; monthly record, established church of scotland or kirk; christian messenger, baptist; catholic, roman catholic; wesleyan, methodist.

"temperance.—the abstainer.

"weeklies.—yarmouth herald, published at yarmouth; yarmouth tribune (semi-weekly); liverpool transcript, liverpool; western news, bridgetown; avon herald (semi-weekly), windsor; eastern chronicle, pictou; antigonish casket, antigonish; cape breton news, sidney, c. b.

"in telegraphs they are better supplied than any other portion of the world of equal territory, and the same number of inhabitants. there are thirty-nine offices, and 1,300 miles of telegraphic wire in this province.[pg 325]

"the reciprocity treaty has largely increased the trade of nova scotia, but the means of intercommunication are still far behind the wants of the people. when it was proposed a year ago to place a steamer upon the line from halifax to boston, to carry freight and passengers, the idea was scouted as chimerical, and certain to fail. the eastern state, a philadelphia-built propeller of 330 tons, was purchased and commenced to ply fortnightly; she has accommodations for fifty passengers, and two hundred tons of freight. she has seldom had less than fifty passengers upon any trip, and upon the last one from halifax there were one hundred and sixty-three. the fare from boston to halifax is $10, meals included. she has also had a good supply of freight, and has cleared for her owners the last year over $2,500. captain killam, her commander, is highly esteemed, for his sailorly and gentlemanly qualities. in the opinion of shrewd business men, a steamer would pay between this and new york direct. at present, boston virtually controls the fish-market in part by her intimate relations with the provinces, and new york buys second-hand from them, when they might as well have their fish from first hands.

"government lands are to be purchased in any quantity at $1 per acre, and by an act of the provincial legislature, aliens are as free to purchase as native citizens or residents. several american capitalists have availed themselves of the opening, and invested largely in the 'timber and farming lands of nova scotia, and an infusion of this element is all that is required to develop a prosperous future for this province.'

"saile." [pg 326]

"tories.—the number of loyalists who arrived in nova scotia was very great. they constituted a large proportion of the original settlers in almost every section of the colony. so termed because of their loyalty to the sovereign, and unwillingness to remain in the revolted and independent states, they found their way hither chiefly in the years 1783-4. sometimes termed refugees, because of their seeking refuge on british soil from those with whom they had contended in the great revolutionary struggle, the names are often interchanged, whilst sometimes they are joined together in the title of 'loyalist refugees.' no less than 20,000 arrived prior to the close of the year in which the independence of the united states was acknowledged. these chose spots suited to their inclinations, if not always adapted to their wants, in the counties of digby, annapolis, guysboro', shelburne, and hants. in these five counties, for the most part, are resident the children of the loyalists, though, as hinted, they are to be met with in smaller companies elsewhere.

"we cannot doubt that the purest motives and highest sense of duty actuated very many, though not all, of this vast number, when they turned their backs upon the houses and farms, the pursuits and business, the friends and relations of past years. to this may, in some measure, be attributed the marked loyalty of this province. principles of obedience to the laws, and allegiance to the crown, were instilled into the minds of their children, who in their turn handed down the sentiments of their ancestors until the good leaven spread, and tended to strengthen that loyalty which already existed in the hearts of the people. more than once has this trait been manifested by our countrymen in town and country. when the first blood of the rebellion in canada was shed in 1837, meet[pg 327]ings were held in every village and settlement in the province, each proclaiming in fervent language the deepest attachment to the sovereign and the government, while in halifax the people determined to support the wives and children of the absent troops. when two years later the inhabitants of the state of maine prepared to invade new brunswick, the announcement was received with intense feelings of regard for the honor of the british crown. the house, which was then sitting, voted ￡100,000, and 8,000 men to aid the new brunswickers in repelling the invaders, and rising in a body gave three cheers for the queen, and three for their loyal brethren of the sister province. long may the feeling continue to exist, and grow within our borders! long may we remain beneath the mild away of that gracious queen, whose virtues shed lustre on the crown she wears! long may every nova scotian's voice exclaim, 'god save our noble queen.'"—nova scotia and nova scotians, by rev. geo. w. hill, a.m.

"negroes.—there are to be found in the colony some five thousand negroes, whose ancestors came to the province in four distinct bodies, and at different times. the first class were originally slaves, who accompanied their masters from the older colonies; but as the opinion prevailed that the courts would not recognize a state of slavery, they were liberated. on receiving their freedom they either remained in the employment of their former owners, or obtaining a small piece of land in the neighborhood, eked out a miserable existence, rarely improving their condition, bodily or mental.

"there were, secondly, a number of free negroes, who arrived at the conclusion of the american revolutionary war; but an immense number of these were removed at their own[pg 328] request to sierra leone, being dissatisfied with both the soil and climate.

"shortly after the removal of these people, the insurgent negroes of jamaica were transported to nova scotia; they were known by the name of maroons in the island, and still termed so, on their landing at halifax. their story is replete with interest: during their brief stay in nova scotia they gave incredible trouble from their lawless and licentious habits, in addition to costing the government no less a sum than ten thousand pounds a year. their idleness and gross conduct at last determined the government to send them, as the others, to sierra leone, which was accordingly done in the year 1803, after having resided at preston for the space of four years.

"the last arrival of africans in a body was at the conclusion of the second american war in 1815, when a large number were permitted to take refuge on board the british squadron, blockading the chesapeake and southern harbors, and were afterwards landed at halifax. the blacks now resident in nova scotia are descendants chiefly of the first and last importations—the greater part of the two intermediate having been removed. even some of these last were transported by their own wish to trinidad, while those who remained settled down at preston and hammonds plains, or wandered to windsor and other places close at hand.

"but little changed in any respect—their persons and their property—they have passed through much wretchedness during the last half century. their natural indolence and love of ease being ill suited to our latitude, in which a long and severe winter demands unceasing diligence, and more than ordinary prudence, in those who depend upon manual labor[pg 329] for their means of subsistence. amongst them, however, are to be found a few who are prudent, diligent and prosperous. these are worthy of the more esteem, in proportion as they have met with greater obstacles, and happily have surmounted them."—ibid.

eminent men.—besides many gentlemen of rare talents, distinguished in the annals of the province, the following nova scotians have won a more extended reputation: sir edward belcher, the famous arctic navigator; rear-admiral provo wallis, who captured our own vessel the chesapeake, after the death of his superior, captain brooke. the words of lawrence, "don't give up the ship," record the memorable achievement of this naval officer. donald mckay, who after perfecting his education in new york as a ship-builder, removed to boston, massachusetts, and there has won for that city distinguished honors; thomas c. haliburton, the author of "sam slick," and a great number of other clever books; samuel cunard, the father of the cunard line! who does not know him? general beckwith, not less known in the annals of philanthropy; gilbert stuart newton, artist; general inglis, the defender of lucknow, and general william fenwick williams, the hero of kars. the mere mention of such names is sufficient—their eulogy suggests itself.