the term idol is employed by bacon to designate those prejudices which men prefer to truth. a prejudice is a bias without a reason for it, an opinion without a foundation, a judgment formed of persons and things without sufficient examination, an assent given to a proposition without sufficient evidence. the bias may be honourable, the opinion correct, the assent in the right direction, but still of the nature of prejudice, because, if right, it is right by accident rather than design.

ignorance hides from us facts, and we decide partially rather than confess our deficiency. ill-directed education gives us pre-possessions, which are obstacles in the way of truth, and we continue to cherish what, having become a part of our nature, it pains us to discard. the senses will occasionally mislead us and although we are conscious that appearances are not to be wholly trusted, we reluctantly doubt our own infallibility. from early, and therefore unquestioned, associations, we have acquired certain habits, and from fashion certain sentiments, and we continue old customs, and fall into the current opinion unconsciously. of these sources of prejudice, logic warns us to beware. of so much importance did bacon regard these hindrances to truth, that he considered the pursuit of new truth hopeless while they were cherished. in a mixed vein of poetry and philosophy, he divided prejudices into four classes, which he called idols of the tribe, the den, the market and the theatre. idols of the tribe are prejudices men imbibe from early training, and love of hypothesis. they are so called because common to the whole race or tribe of mankind. idols of the den are those which relate to a man's particular character, idols of the market are those which are accommodated to common notions. idols of the theatre denote such as pertain to hypothetical systems of philosophy.

remembering the declarations of euler and gall, and the daily discoveries of science, we should stand, as it were, on the verge of the old world of experience, and look out on the new world of troth. a young thinker should make for himself a chart of proposed reforms, systems, and changes, agitated in his day—place

in relative positions in the scale of importance such as he deems of value, if true—and then analyse his experience to see what is soundly opposed thereto. such a practice would go far to rid men of idol-prejudices, which retard private improvement and public progress.