the ancients possessed, at a very early period, the luxury of roses, and the romans brought it to perfection by covering with beds of these flowers the couches whereon their guests were placed, and even the tables which were used for banquets;[1] while some emperors went so far as to scatter them in the halls of their palaces. at rome, they were, at one time, brought from egypt in that part of the year when italy could not produce them; but afterwards, in order to render these luxuries more easily attainable during the winter by the leaders of the ton in that capital city of the world’s empire, their gardeners found the means of producing, in green-houses warmed by means of pipes filled with hot water, an artificial temperature, which kept roses and lilies in bloom until the last of the year. seneca declaimed, with a show of ridicule, against these improvements;[2] but, without being discouraged by the reasoning of the philosopher, the romans carried their green-houses to such perfection that, at length, during the reign of domitian, when the egyptians thought to pay him a splendid compliment in honor of his birthday, by sending him roses in the midst of winter, their present excited nothing but ridicule and disdain, so abundant had winter roses become at rome by the efforts of art. few of the latin poets have been[pg 162] more celebrated for their epigrammatic wit than martial; and his epigram “to c?sar, on the winter roses,” serves to show that the culture of roses at rome was carried to such perfection as to make the attempts of foreign competitors subjects only for ridicule.

“the ambitious inhabitants of the land watered by the nile have sent thee, o c?sar, the roses of winter, as a present valuable for its novelty. but the boatman of memphis will laugh at the gardens of pharaoh as soon as he has taken one step in thy capital city—for the spring, in its charms, and the flowers in their fragrance and beauty, equal the glory of the fields of p?stum. wherever he wanders or casts his eyes, every street is brilliant with garlands of roses. and thou, o nile, must now yield to the fogs of rome. send us thy harvests, and we will send thee roses.”

by this passage it is evident that the cultivation of roses among the ancients was much farther advanced than is generally supposed. in another epigram martial speaks again of roses, which were formerly seen only in the spring, but which, in his time, had become common during the winter. we are, also, but copyists of the romans in the cultivation of flowers in windows; for vases of every style of beauty, and filled with roses, were a frequent ornament of their windows. martial says that a miserly patron had made him a present of a very small estate, and adds that he has a much better country place in his window. much that illustrates the use which the ancients made of roses in their ceremonies, in their festivals, and in their domestic life, may be found in various authors, evincing still more how very common the use of them had become. florus relates that antiochus, king of syria, being encamped in the island of eub?a, under woven tents of silk and gold, was not only accompanied by a band of musicians, but that he might yet more enhance his pleasures, he wished to procure roses; and[pg 163] although it was in the midst of winter, he caused them to be collected from every quarter.

the gallants of rome were in the habit of presenting their favorite damsels with the first roses that appeared in spring; and “mea rosa” was an affectionate expression they often used to their betrothed.

we frequently find in old latin authors an entire abandonment to pleasure and excessive luxury, signified by such expressions as “living in the midst of roses,” “sleeping on roses,” etc. (“vivere in rosa,” “dormire in rosa.”)

seneca speaks of smyndiride, the most wealthy and voluptuous of the sybarites, who could not sleep if a single one of the rose-petals with which his bed was spread, happened to be curled.

cicero, in his “de finibus,” alludes to the custom which prevailed at rome at that time, of reclining at the table on couches covered with roses; and comparing the happiness which virtue gives to the pleasures of luxury says, that “regulus, in his chains, was more happy than thorius drinking on a couch of roses, and living in such a manner that one could scarcely imagine any rare and exquisite pleasure of which he did not partake.”

the same author, in his celebrated speech against verres, the greatest extortioner whose name is recorded in history, reproached him not only with the outrageous robberies and cruelties which he committed during the three years that he was governor of sicily, but yet more with his effeminacy and licentiousness. “when spring commenced,” said the roman orator, “that season was not announced to him by the return of zephyr, nor by the appearance of any heavenly sign; it was not until he had seen the roses bloom that spring was visible to his voluptuous eye. in the voyages which he made across the province, he was accustomed, after the example of the kings of bithynia, to be carried in a litter borne by eight men, in which he reposed, softly extended upon cushions[pg 164] made of transparent material, and filled with roses of malta, having in his hand a net of the finest linen, and equally full of these flowers, whose fragrance incessantly gratified his eager nostrils.”

latinus pacatus, in his eulogium on the emperor theodosius, inveighs against the luxury of the romans, whose sensual desires, he says, were not satisfied until they had reversed the order of the seasons, and produced roses in the winter season to crown their cup of wine, and until their falernian, during the summer, was cooled in large vessels filled with ice. the forcing of roses in winter is no longer extensively practiced in rome; but during the summer they are abundant, and we recollect being much struck with admiration of some beautiful hedges of the daily rose in the villas near rome.

after reading the preceding statements of the abundance of roses among the ancient romans, it is with some surprise that we recollect the great scarcity of that flower during the gayest and most animated festival of the modern romans—the carnival. as we slowly walked along the corso, submitting with as quiet a grace as possible to the various fantastic tricks of the masked figures around us, and occasionally pelted with handfuls of sugar-plums from the windows, or passing carriages, we looked in vain for roses or camellias in the numerous bouquets that were cleaving the air around us. little bouquets of violets were numerous, and the air was thick with them, as our eyes, nose, and mouth, could bear striking witness; and we recollect, too, the contemptuous curl of the lip, and rush of the aristocratic blood into the face of a fair english girl in one of the carriages whose blue eyes had been nearly closed by an awkward cast of one of these little bouquets from the hand of a plebian performer. but we only recollect catching a glimpse now and then of a single rose or camellia, skillfully passed by a cavalier below into the hands of some dark-eyed beauty in the balconies[pg 165] above, the bright sparkle of whose eye convinced us that the single flower was of value, and a mark of especial regard. the rose appeared to be valued as some rare exotic, and not to be idly bestowed where there was small probability of its due appreciation; it was, indeed, a “rara flora in urbe,” and quite superseded by the very pretty and abundant violets.

the modern romans have not only lost many of the good qualities of their early ancestors, but they have also escaped much of the effeminate softness which characterized the romans under some of the later emperors; and, as belonging to this state of luxury, the cultivation of the rose has, in modern times, been much neglected. the homage of the romans is now reserved for art, and the beautiful products of nature are, in their opinion, worthy only of secondary consideration. the rose is now mostly confined in that city to the residences of the wealthier classes, and can scarcely be said to have resumed its old place in roman esteem until it is again a favorite with the mass of the people.

when cleopatra went into cilicia to meet mark antony, she gave him, for several successive days, festivals in which she displayed a truly royal magnificence. she caused to be placed in the banqueting hall twelve couches, each of which would hold three guests. the walls were covered with purple tapestry, interwoven with gold; all the vases were of gold, admirably executed, and enriched with precious stones.

on the fourth day, the queen carried her sumptuousness so far as to pay a talent (about six hundred dollars) for a quantity of roses, with which she caused the floor of the hall to be covered to the depth of eighteen inches. these flowers were retained by a very fine net, in order that the guests might walk over them.

after the loss of the battle of actium, antony, not wishing to survive his defeat, from fear of falling into[pg 166] the hands of augustus, thrust himself through with his sword, and requested cleopatra to scatter perfumes over his tomb, and to cover it with roses.

the greatest profusion of roses mentioned in ancient history, and which is scarcely credible, is that which suetonius attributes to nero. this author says, that at a fête which the emperor gave in the gulf of bai?, when inns were established on the banks, and ladies of distinction played the part of hostesses, the expense incurred for roses alone was more than four millions of sesterces—about $100,000. since nero, many of his successors have nearly equaled him in prodigal enjoyment of the luxury of roses. lucius aurelius verus, whose licentiousness and destitution of every manly quality equaled that of the worst emperors, but whom no one reproaches with any act of cruelty, was the inventor of a new species of luxury. he had a couch made on which were four raised cushions, closed on all sides by a very thin net, and filled with leaves of roses. heliogabalus, celebrated for luxury and vice of every kind, caused roses to be crushed with the kernels of the pine (pinus maritima), in order to increase the perfume. the same emperor caused roses to be scattered over the couches, the halls, and even the porticoes of the palace, and he renewed this profusion with flowers of every kind—lilies, violets, hyacinths, narcissus, etc. gallien, another equally cruel and luxurious prince, lay, according to some authors, under arbors of roses; and, according to others, on beds covered with these flowers. and finally, carrius, another licentious and prodigal emperor, who reigned only a few months caused roses to be scattered over the chambers of his palace, and on the couches of his guests.