the great civic halls were those of audenaarde, brussels, louvain, malines, termonde, bruges, ghent, ypres, and arras, and each of these cities was as well full of wonderful old houses, some private residences, some quarters for the various guilds. it is impossible to discriminate between past and present tense in describing them; some are wholly gone, as ypres and arras, others we suppose still remain, but how long this may be true one cannot say. if we lose what we have lost in the onrush of a victorious army, and in its long holding of defensive lines in the most amazing siege in history, what may we not expect at the hands of an army in defeat, fighting its way back to its own frontiers for a last desperate stand? arras, ypres, and louvain were hard enough to lose, but the soul shudders at the thought of bruges and ghent, antwerp and brussels, fought over day after day and abandoned to pillage and destruction.

the historical significance of these halls is very great; they put into material (and as we had thought enduring) form the oligarchical democracy, the great wealth, the pride, the sumptuous and lavish spirit of successive generations of princely merchants and manufacturers. religion was still a vital force, but it no longer stood alone, and now the secular organisations of guilds and free cities claimed and received the tribute of wealth through the ministry of art. it was not the old art of the days of cathedral building and the founding of abbeys and universities, it was quite a different art altogether, but it fitted the new motives and ideals as the other could not do. of severity, self-restraint, reticence, it has nothing; it is all splendour and magnificence, emulation and rivalry, but it is still craftsman’s art, and whatever the taste of these great and even fantastic buildings, there is proof of joyful workmanship and of a jealous maintenance of the highest possible standards.

ypres was the first in point of time, and first in absolute artistic value. begun by count baldwin in the year 1200, it was remodelled, rebuilt, embellished for a hundred years, and finally the “nieuwerke,” of the most abandoned renaissance{130} taste, was added to the east. of huge dimensions—the main front was four hundred and thirty-three feet in length, while the great tower was two hundred and thirty feet high—the design was as simple, imposing, and direct as one would expect to find during the early thirteenth century. it was a simple parallelogram, three stories high, nobly arcaded, with ranges of fine niches which contained statues of the counts of flanders and other worthies, until these were completely destroyed by the french during the revolution. a vast, high-pitched roof covered all, broken in the middle by the belfry, with its corner turrets, which were echoed at the four corners of the building by similar spires. a simpler composition could hardly be imagined, or one more impressive in its grave restraint. architecturally it was unique; there was and is no other rival of a similar nature, and its value was inestimable. bold in conception, straightforward, direct, confident without assurance, it was one great masterpiece of the civic art of the middle ages, miraculously preserved for six centuries as the visible manifestation of the supreme quality of a great people and a great art. both without and within it had that spontaneousness, that fine, frank

na?veté that one finds in all crescent periods and searches for in vain in the following days that history always selects for particular admiration. analyse it and see how simple it all was. first there were three chief organic elements: the great wall unbroken by any “features,” without buttresses because it was not vaulted; the enormous, high-pitched roof bare of all gables or diversions of any kind; the square, unbuttressed tower in the middle, with a tall, pointed roof and cupola, surrounded by four high pinnacles of the simplest form. it is as calm and simple as a greek temple, and like this, also, it is final in the perfection of its proportions and its relation of parts; also its great, quiet elements are left alone, not tortured into nervous complexity of varying planes and excitable vagaries of light and shade. forty-eight pointed and mullioned windows along the main floor give the horizontal divisions, while vertically there were three stages: the low, lintelled colonnade, a mezzanine with very beautiful traceried windows, one to each bay, and a vast main wall without horizontal subdivisions but with a delicately designed and very broad course of traceried panelling above the splendid sequence of great windows, like a lofty blind parapet. the tower{132} was equally simple, its seven stories exquisitely varied in their heights and windowing, but calm always, and final in their sense of exactly felt relations. the pinnacles also, four on the tower and others at either end of the fa?ade, were as simply and perfectly designed as could be asked, without fantastic exuberance or a straining for effect; just traceried octagons with one series of pointed gables and high, crocketed spires.

the “nieuwerke,” in its ridiculous renaissance effrontery snuggled up against the silent, absorbed, unnoticing giant, was like an architectural version of merlin and vivien; silly and scented impudence in its vain approximations to grave dignity and a self-respect proof against all blandishments.

the great hall inside was just the same: an astonishing room, four hundred and thirty feet long, broken only by the columns and arches bearing the great tower, and roofed with a mass of oak timbering like an ancient and enormous ship turned bottom up. huge oaken beams rose against the wall dividing it into panels, and each pair supported equally gigantic tie-beams braced by rough-hewn diagonal struts. it was barn-building, if you like, but a good barn is better art than a newport

“cottage”; and this splendidly direct “barn” at ypres had a quality the louvre could never attain.

each panel of this colossal and almost interminable wall was destined for great historical pictures, most of which had been completed, and the effect was majestical in its combination of colour and carpentry. of it all nothing now remains, as i have said, except a single turret at one end. the greatest surviving monument of the civic architecture of the middle ages has been slowly pounded to powder, and has taken its place with the other lost masterpieces of a world that from time to time can create but can somehow never retain ability to enjoy or even to understand. month after month it was the special target of prussian shells; the first breeched the wall to the right of the tower and were followed by others that started fires which swept the building from end to end, consuming the enormous timbered roof, destroying the painted walls, crumbling the tracery of the tall tower. for a time the burned-out walls remained, and german professors spoke gently and with bland reassurance of the simple task of restoration, but this last indignity has ceased to threaten, for{134} recently the batteries have resumed their work; little by little the belfry has been shot away, the fretted arcades have been splintered into road-metal, and now at last the destruction is complete; what once was the glory of ypres, the pride of flanders, the delight of the architect, is now only a heap of refuse masonry, with one pinnacle standing alone, accusing, in the midst of ruin from which there is no salvation, for which history will search in vain for shadow of excuse.

in sequence of time, the old “halles” of malines come next, as portions of them date from 1311, but they have been reconstructed at various times, enlarged in several styles, and in the end were never completed, for their great belfry never succeeded in getting above the roof. nevertheless they were a wonderfully picturesque and even theatrical composition of pointed portals, fantastic gables, dormers, and turrets, and a very engaging epitome of five centuries of architectural mutations.

the h?tel de ville of bruges is as consistent and perfect as malines was casual and irresponsible. it was begun in 1376, the corner-stone being laid by louis de male, and if there is anywhere a more complete example of civic architecture,

combining the restraint and the simplicity of early gothic with the exquisite ornament and the sense of decorative beauty of the latest gothic, it is not of record. it seems to come at the mid-most point, when everything met together, without loss and without exaggeration, for the production of a living example of what society is capable when it achieves a perfect, if unenduring, equilibrium. it is a masterpiece of architectural composition, of brilliant and supremely intelligent design, while it is vivified by a poetry and an inspiration that exist only at a few crowning moments in history. even now it is one of the loveliest buildings in europe; what it must have been once, when its fifty statues, each under its crocketed canopy (they also were pulled down and hammered in pieces during the french revolution), its tracery, balustrades, and pinnacles were blazing with colour and gilding, passes the imagination. it is only a small building of six bays subdivided by its three turrets into two triple groups with a doorway in each. the composition is very subtle and quite original, while the design is emphasised vertically, there being no horizontal members which run through from end to end, though the levels are very delicately indi{136}cated by window mullions, niches, panels, traceried arches, and the crowning parapet. it is one of the least obvious of architectural compositions and, i am disposed to think, one of the best. while it lacks the doric simplicity of ypres, it has a sensitive rhythm and a richness of light and shade without studied intricacy or premeditated theatricalism that places it amongst the few very perfect works of art. it is a “poetic” composition in the highest sense, or rather it is akin to music of the mode that followed the gregorian and opened up new possibilities of a more complex, if no more poignant, spiritual expression. it is perhaps the most perfect single piece of architecture in belgium, and if it is extinguished in the night of armageddon we lose a thing of inestimable value, unequalled, irreplaceable, even as we have lost that equally inestimable spiritual force that brought it into existence.

the “halles” also, with their famous “belfry of bruges” are a particularly noble example of the same period of artistic supremacy, though they lack consistency, for only the lower stages of the amazing tower are original, this portion of the work being completed about 1296. all the upper part is of the very end of the fifteenth{137} century, and the octagonal upper stage is of no high order of design. once this also was crowned by a slender spire having a statue of st. michael sixteen feet high, which must have brought the stupendous erection almost to a height of five hundred feet, for even now the topmost balustrade is three hundred and fifty-two feet above the street. ten years after the spire was finished it was destroyed by lightning, rebuilt, destroyed again, and then left in its present condition.

brussels followed bruges, and its huge city hall was begun about 1404. compared with arras, bruges, or louvain, it is dry and somewhat unimaginative, with a curious modern look that may, in part, be due to very drastic restorations and to the devilish ingenuity in destruction of the french revolutionists. in the beginning, however, it failed in subtle proportions, and in point of composition as well. its belfry, graceful as it is, is thin and artificial in effect, while the fa?ade is formal without the grave majesty of ypres, rich without the sensitive refinement of bruges or the riotous exuberance of louvain. this is not to condemn it as bad; except for the supreme qualities of the three monuments last mentioned it would stand high in the architec{138}tural scale, but it is impossible to avoid comparisons, and through these it suffers, perhaps unjustly.

less than fifty years after brussels came louvain, and so far as good art is concerned the three-quarters of a century since bruges has not been altogether well spent. as in the case of religious architecture, an ungoverned passion for beauty and craftsmanship has resulted in the destruction of the sane and noble balance in such churches as reims, such civic halls as bruges and ypres, while nothing is left but an almost impossible luxuriance, as of a northern flower forced in the hot, moist air of a greenhouse. the h?tel de ville of louvain, spared by some inconsequent and unnatural whim of those who wrecked all the city around and gave over the priceless libraries of the university to the flames, is one of the smallest of its kind in belgium; it is only one hundred and thirteen feet long, forty-one feet wide, and seventy feet to the level of its parapet—about the dimensions, let us say, of an average new york dwelling of the better class. it is less a building than an ornament—a shrine, a tabernacle for the sanctuary of a cathedral. you feel that you want to take it up and polish it, you regard it as you do an ivory carving from pekin,

and so considered it is well-nigh matchless, but it still remains outside the category of architecture, and if you compare it with the ste. chapelle, you see at once that the life is already almost gone from a great art, even if it has passed for the moment into a supreme kind of decoration.

in making that statement one is led unawares into one of those generalisations that contains less than half the truth. the life had indeed gone from the larger, the official architecture, the art of the church, of the commune. after this there was little more than a sorry tale of rapid degeneration, until the french and the jesuits came with their new style, either clever and often in good taste at the hands of the secular power, or tawdry and rococo when popularised by the new religious order that was the first incarnation of that “efficiency” that in the end became the obsession of the world and the root of the war. it is true that the new fashion rapidly superseded the dying and disintegrating spirit of medi?valism, and never a bruges town hall or a malines cathedral came again; instead we get the dull and blundering seventeenth-century portion of the ghent h?tel de ville and the showy and very vulgar jesuit churches, such as that in antwerp (at{140}tributed to rubens) and the cathedral of arras. on the other hand, and this is too often forgotten, the degradation of state architecture always precedes by many years, sometimes centuries, the downfall of the people’s art, and after a great era of high character and cultural attainments the burghers and lesser nobility, the farmers and merchants and smaller monastic houses continue instinctively to build beautifully, prolonging the old traditions, unhampered by clever architects and the commands of irresponsible fashion, until at last even they succumb and their art falls to the dead level of the stupid artifice that for long had prevailed amongst the great of earth.

so in france while the barbarities of the louvre were being perpetrated, the loveliest little chateaux and farms and village churches were rising almost as though nothing had happened; so in germany, heidelberg and dresden could not prevent the tyrol and rothenbourg, hildesheim and the black forest and the rhineland from creating the eternally delightful timber houses that far more exactly expressed a racial quality that was to endure in all its fineness, until the end of the nineteenth century saw its ending as well. so in england, henry viii and edward vi might de{141}stroy the then vital art, and elizabeth might expunge its very memory, building ridiculous semi-german conceits to the grief of the judicious; nevertheless the deep-lying tradition prevailed outside court circles and those of the erastianised church, and the sixteenth-century domestic architecture of the cotswolds, of surrey, suffolk, norfolk, and essex—indeed of almost every county in england—was, in its way, just as good architecture as that which universally prevailed before the “great pillage.”

precisely the same thing happened in belgium, and half the visual charm of cities such as bruges, tournai, termonde, ypres, and of all that countryside that has not been devastated by the insane cult of coal and iron, is due to the colloquial domestic architecture of its crooked old streets, its wide-spread market-places, and its drowsy canals and winding quays. in the language of the schools there is no “architecture,” properly speaking, in the quai aux avoines, or the grand béguinage, or the old almshouses of the abbaye de st. trond in malines, along the banks of the dyle in murdered louvain, on the quai aux herbes in ghent, the market-place in ypres, the quai du rosaire, and the quai verte in bruges.{142} all the same, in the simple and na?ve houses and hospitals and convents, with their windows and doors where they are wanted, their big roofs and gables and friendly chimneys, their frank use of native materials, and their almost unfailing sense of pleasant proportions, we have what thus far no school has been able to teach.

in the earlier work—early, that is, for domestic architecture, say of the sixteenth century—while there is great individuality, each burgher expressing himself and his own tastes to the full, there is a very courtly regard for his neighbours, and a curious sense of restraint in the light of what the city itself might expect from its citizens. there is a well-bred uniformity of scale, a reticence in detail, a total lack of jealous emulation that speaks well for the self-respect of the old builders. most of the great houses of the preceding century are gone, either razed entirely or mutilated and degraded to base uses; bruges, for example, that once was rich in sumptuous mansions of nobles and great merchants, has now almost none, but the quays of ghent still retain their fine rows of guild-houses and dwellings, and until a year ago ypres once had them also, that are models of fine civic architecture (and of civic{143} spirit as well), and might well serve as such to a more chaotic and unbalanced generation. they are usually three stories high, with three more in the stepped gables, and the materials are generally brick with trimmings of cut stone, though wood was frequently used, particularly in ypres, and always in the most consistent and joiner-like way. if there were no other test, you could always tell the work of a good period from that of a bad by the frankness in use of materials: brick is brick, stone is stone, and wood is wood, and there are no shams, imitations, or subterfuges anywhere. whatever the land produces, that is used and made the most of, while the style of the time (mark, not the fashion of the hour or the fad of the school or the whim of the artist) is so modified as to adapt itself perfectly to these restrictions.

it is not until the renaissance that the cult of deception comes in, and mutton masquerades as lamb, while silly columns and pediments are pasted on where there is no need and brick is plastered over to magnify the apparent opulence of the owner. it is at this same time that a mean individualism appears, and each builder tries to outface his neighbor. the grande place in brus{144}sels is a good example of this new selfishness, and for chaotic originality compares almost favourably with a city street of the nineteenth century. it is all very amusing, these rows of serrated slices, bedecked with mishandled “orders” and crested with miscellaneous gorgeousness on the lines of the sterns of the proud owner’s still prouder galleons, and the result is engagingly theatrical and fantastic, but it is a grave commentary on a new civilisation that has lost in culture just in proportion as it has increased in efficiency.

it is dangerous to think too much about architecture—or any art for that matter. the thirteenth century was supreme in its achievement because it thought so much about religion and character and getting the really good things out of life that for reward it was actually inspired, and so probably thought as little about its art as it did about eugenics; being quite content to do the things it was impelled to do by an impulse for which it was not consciously responsible and which it made little effort to control. the renaissance thought so much about art, as well as about its own thoughts (which didn’t matter anyway), that even in its best work there is an opulent self-consciousness that defeats its own{145} ends and has issue at last in a self-conscious opulence that is the nadir of culture. these builders of flanders and brabant and artois and luxembourg and the rhineland thought as little about art as their very different followers of the middle ages, and they certainly lacked the divine inspiration that made reims superhuman, as st. thomas aquinas and leonardo da vinci and shakespeare were superhuman, but the old instinct for beauty had not been burned and hammered out of them by coal and iron, or reversed into an unintelligible jargon (like the lord’s prayer said backward) by an insolent intellectualism and a mordant secularism; and so, even when they used pseudo-renaissance forms in their cheerful and humorous fashion, they managed to produce work that has a certain quality that the best-educated architect of this century of efficient training cannot contrive to obtain in spite of all his labours.

and in any town that had been left alone during the nineteenth century, particularly in bruges, as well as in many of those the prussians have destroyed, everything seems to fall into picturesque and beautiful compositions that are the despair of modern planners and “improvers” of{146} cities. here again the results were quite unpremeditated. you cannot imagine the builders of the gruuthüse in bruges carefully arranging their effects of gables and turrets and mullioned windows with scrupulous regard to the soaring tower of our lady’s church; you cannot imagine the wealthy burghers who from time to time reared the varied structures along the canal and the quai du rosaire or in the rue de l’ane aveugle (the names are as joyful as the architecture) or around the pont du béguinage, working studiously for their dramatic effects with square and triangle, tentative models, and perhaps the able advice of a “landscape architect” or a “scenic artist.” if they had done this they might have produced a tolerable stage-setting or even a superior sort of world’s fair, but they would not have built bruges.

no, the conviction has been growing, and is now forced on us by a revealing war, that even in the seventeenth century there were those who possessed a civilisation and a culture beside which ours is a kind of raw barbarism; that they by force of this, and with the aid of a tradition of still greater days in the past, built by instinct as we cannot build by erudition; and that what{147}ever issued from their hands was admirable and honourable and lastingly fair. it is well for us to remember sometimes when we amuse ourselves by discourse as to “inalienable rights of man,” and that sort of thing, that there is one such over which no argument is possible, and that is the right to beauty in life and thought and environment, and that those who filched this from us during the century and a half just passed (and for the first time in history) were tyrants and robbers of the same stamp and degree as their immediate predecessors, who destroyed the other right of man to free and joyful labour as well as that to the genuine self-government and the sane and wholesome democracy that marked the middle ages and vanished with the despots and the dogmas of the renaissance; not to return, so far as we ourselves can perceive of our own experience.

god grant we may retain what is still left us in flanders and brabant. if by the triumph of coal and iron either through war or (perhaps even worse) through the imposition on territories thus far spared of the ideals and methods of an efficient industrialism, we lose bruges as we have lost ypres and arras and malines and termonde, as we had already lost, though in a{148} different way, liége and lille, mons and namur, then by so much (and it is very much) have we lost our hidden leaven that in the fulness of time we rely on for the lightening of the whole dull lump of our misguided and now discredited life.