"richmond, april 5, 1865.

"my dear:—i am not at all sure you will ever receive this letter, but i shall risk it. first, i join you in humble thanks to god for the great mercy accorded both of us. your general lives. my colonel lives. what words can express our gratitude? what is the loss of home and goods compared with the loss of our own flesh and blood? alas! alas! for those who have lost all!

"i am sure you will have heard the grewsome story of richmond's evacuation. i was at st. paul's sunday, april 1, when a note was handed to president davis. he rose instantly, and walked down the aisle—his face set, so we could read nothing. dr. minnegerode gave notice that general ewell desired the forces to assemble at 3 p.m., and also that there would be no further service that day. i had seen no one speak to the doctor, and i wonder at the acuteness of his perception of the state of affairs. as soon as i reached the hotel i wrote a note to the proprietor, asking for news. he answered that grave tidings had come from petersburg, and for himself he was by no means sure we could hold richmond. he requested me to keep quiet and not encourage a tendency to excitement or panic. at first i thought i would read my services in the quiet of my little sky parlor at the spotswood, but i was literally in a fever of anxiety. i descended to 355 the parlor. nobody was there except two or three children with their nurses. later in the afternoon i walked out and met mr. james lyons. he said there was no use in further evading the truth. the lines were broken at petersburg and that town and richmond would be surrendered late at night—he was going out himself with the mayor and judge meredith with a flag of truce and surrender the city. trains were already fired to carry the archives and bank officials. the president and his cabinet would probably leave at the same time.

"'and you, judge?'

"'i shall stand my ground. i have a sick family, and we must take our chances together.'

"'then seriously—really and truly—richmond is to be given up, after all, to the enemy.'

"'nothing less! and we are going to have a rough time, i imagine.'

"i could not be satisfied until i had seen judge campbell, upon whom we so much relied for good, calm sense. i found him with his hands full of papers, which he waved deprecatingly as i entered.

"'just a minute, judge! i am alone at the spotswood and—'

"'stay there, my dear lady! you will be perfectly safe. i advise all families to remain in their own houses. keep quiet. i am glad to know the colonel is safe. he may be with you soon now.'

"with this advice i returned and mightily reassured and comforted the proprietor of the spotswood. he immediately caused notice to be issued to his guests. i resolved to convey my news to the families i knew best. the pegrams were in such deep affliction there was no room there for anxious fears about such small matters as the evacuation of cities, but i could see my dear mrs. paul, and mrs. maben, and say a comforting word at the 356 allan home—closed to all the world since poor john fell at gettysburg. mrs. davis was gone and out of harm's way. the lees were sacred from intrusion. four members of that household—the general, 'rooney,' custis, and robert—were all at the post of danger. late in the afternoon three hundred or more prisoners were marched down the street; the negroes began to stand about, quietly observant but courteous, making no demonstration whatever. the day, you remember, was one of those glorious days we have in april, and millions on millions of stars watched at night, looking down on the watchers below. i expected to sit by my window all night as you always do in a troubled time, but sleep overtook me. i had slept, but not undressed, when a loud explosion shook the house—then another. there were crashing sounds of falling glass from the concussion. i found the sun had risen. all was commotion in the streets, and agitation in the hotel. the city government had dragged hogsheads of liquor from the shops, knocked in the heads, and poured the spirits into the gutters. they ran with brandy, whiskey, and rum, and men, women, and boys rushed out with buckets, pails, pitchers, and in the lower streets, hats and boots, to be filled. before eight o'clock many public buildings were in flames, and a great conflagration was evidently imminent. the flames swept up main street, where the stores were quickly burned, and then roared down the side streets almost to franklin.

"the doors of all the government bakeries were thrown open and food was given to all who asked it. women and children walked in and helped themselves. at ten o'clock the enemy arrived,—ten thousand negro troops, going on and on, cheered by the negroes on the streets.

"so the morning passed—a morning of horror, of terror! drunken men shouted and reeled through the 357 streets, a black cloud from the burning city hung like a pall over us, a black sea of faces filled the street below, shells burst continuously in the ashes of the burning armory. about four in the afternoon a salute of thirty-four guns was fired. a company of mounted dragoons advanced up the street, escorting an open carriage drawn by four horses in which sat mr. lincoln and a naval officer, followed by an escort of cavalry. they drove straight to mr. davis's house, cheered all the way by negroes, and returned the way they came. i had a good look at mr. lincoln. he seemed tired and old—and i must say, with due respect to the president of the united states, i thought him the ugliest man i had ever seen. he was fairly elected the first time, i acknowledge,—but was he the last? a good many of the 'free and equal' were not allowed a vote then.

"the next day i persuaded one of the lads in the hotel to take a walk with me early in the morning, and i passed general lee's house. a yankee guard was pacing to and fro before it—at which i felt an impulse of indignation,—but presently the door opened, the guard took his seat on the steps and proceeded to investigate the contents of a very neatly furnished tray, which mrs. lee in the kindness of her heart had sent out to him.

"i am obliged to acknowledge that there is really no hope now of our ultimate success. everybody says so. my heart is too full for words. general johnson says we may comfort ourselves by the fact that war may decide a policy, but never a principle. i imagine our principle is all that remains to us of hope or comfort.

"devotedly,

"agnes."

from my friend admiral porter i learned that he landed with president lincoln, and that through 358 some contretemps no equipage was in waiting to conduct them through the streets of richmond. they set out to walk, escorted by twelve of the boat's crew with bayonets fixed on their rifles. the day was warm, and the streets dusty, "owing to the immense gathering of the crowd, kicking up the dirt." mr. lincoln took off his hat and fanned his face, from which the perspiration was pouring, and looked as if he would give his presidency for a glass of water.

the admiral, par parenthèse, told many negro anecdotes in negro dialect, but, like all northern imitators of that inimitable lingo, he "slipped up" on many words. the negro does not say "massa"—his word is "marster"; he does not say "bress de lawd,"—"thank gawd a'mighty" being his pious preference.

the triumphing party was overtaken by an equipage and a military escort, and proceeded, according to the admiral, "to the mansion of mr. davis.[23] it was quite a small affair compared with the white house, and modest in all its appointments, showing that while president davis was engaged heart and soul in endeavoring to effect the division of the states, he was not, at least, surrounding himself with regal style, but was living in a modest, comfortable way, like any other citizen. amid all his surroundings the refined taste of his wife was apparent, and marked everything about the apartments." admiral porter thought that the confederate government 359 had departed in an ignoble manner, "that it should have remained at the capital and surrendered in a dignified way, making terms for the citizens of the place, guarding their rights, and acknowledging they had lost the game. there was nothing to be ashamed of in such a surrender to a vastly superior force; their armies had fought as people never fought before. they had 'robbed the cradle and the grave' to sustain themselves, and all that was wanted to make them glorious was the submission of their leaders and troops in a dignified way," etc.

this was also the feeling of many of our own best men—of general lee and scores of his officers, of judge campbell, of the private citizens of richmond. mr. davis differed from these men. general lee's opinion was known to his officers. general gordon once said to him:—

"have you expressed an opinion, as to the propriety of making terms, to the president or to congress?"[24]

his reply was: "general gordon, i am a soldier. it is my duty to obey orders.... it is enough to turn a man's hair gray to spend one day in that congress. the members are patriotic and earnest, but they will neither take the responsibility of acting nor will they clothe me with authority to act. as for mr. davis, he is unwilling to do anything short of independence, and feels that it is useless to try to treat on that basis." this conversation immediately 360 preceded the terrible battle at petersburg, and the consequent loss of that city and richmond. much could have been saved in blood and in treasure had the final battles never taken place. "whom the gods destroy they first infatuate."

intelligence of the death of president lincoln reached petersburg on the 17th of april. as he had been with us but a few days before, manifestly in perfect health and in all the glow and gladness of the triumph of the federal arms, the community was unspeakably shocked by the catastrophe. that he fell by the hand of an assassin, and that the deed was done by a confederate and avowedly in the interest of the confederate cause, were circumstances which distressed us with an apprehension that the entire south would be held responsible for the atrocious occurrence. the day after the tragic news reached us the people of petersburg in public meeting adopted resolutions deploring the president's death and denouncing his assassination,—resolutions which gave expression to the earnest and universal sentiment of virginia. i question if, in any quarter of the country, the virtues of abraham lincoln—as exhibited in his spirit of forgiveness and forbearance—are more revered than in the very section which was the battle-ground of the fight for independence of his rule. it is certainly our conviction that had he lived the south would never have suffered the shame and sorrow of the carpet-bag régime.