before considering the question of a practical return to the simplicity of which we dream, it will be necessary to define simplicity in its very essence. for in regard to it people commit the same error that we have just denounced, confounding the secondary with the essential, substance with form. they are tempted to believe that simplicity presents certain external characteristics by which it may be recognized, and in which it really consists. simplicity and lowly station, plain dress, a modest dwelling, slender means, poverty—these things seem to go together. nevertheless, this is not the case. just now i passed three men on the street: the first in his carriage; the others on foot, and one of them shoeless. the shoeless man does not necessarily lead the least complex life of the three. it may be, indeed, that he who rides in his carriage is sincere and unaffected, in spite of [16]his position, and is not at all the slave of his wealth; it may be also that the pedestrian in shoes neither envies him who rides nor despises him who goes unshod; and lastly, it is possible that under his rags, his feet in the dust, the third man has a hatred of simplicity, of labor, of sobriety, and dreams only of idleness and pleasure. for among the least simple and straightforward of men must be reckoned professional beggars, knights of the road, parasites, and the whole tribe of the obsequious and envious, whose aspirations are summed up in this: to arrive at seizing a morsel—the biggest possible—of that prey which the fortunate of earth consume. and to this same category, little matter what their station in life, belong the profligate, the arrogant, the miserly, the weak, the crafty. livery counts for nothing: we must see the heart. no class has the prerogative of simplicity; no dress, however humble in appearance, is its unfailing badge. its dwelling need not be a garret, a hut, the cell of the ascetic nor the lowliest fisherman's bark. under all the forms in which life vests itself, in all social positions, at the top as at the bottom of the ladder, there are people who live simply, and others who do not. we do not mean by this that simplicity betrays [17]itself in no visible signs, has not its own habits, its distinguishing tastes and ways; but this outward show, which may now and then be counterfeited, must not be confounded with its essence and its deep and wholly inward source. simplicity is a state of mind. it dwells in the main intention of our lives. a man is simple when his chief care is the wish to be what he ought to be, that is, honestly and naturally human. and this is neither so easy nor so impossible as one might think. at bottom, it consists in putting our acts and aspirations in accordance with the law of our being, and consequently with the eternal intention which willed that we should be at all. let a flower be a flower, a swallow a swallow, a rock a rock, and let a man be a man, and not a fox, a hare, a hog, or a bird of prey: this is the sum of the whole matter.

here we are led to formulate the practical ideal of man. everywhere in life we see certain quantities of matter and energy associated for certain ends. substances more or less crude are thus transformed and carried to a higher degree of organization. it is not otherwise with the life of man. the human ideal is to transform life into something more excellent than itself. we may compare existence to raw [18]material. what it is, matters less than what is made of it, as the value of a work of art lies in the flowering of the workman's skill. we bring into the world with us different gifts: one has received gold, another granite, a third marble, most of us wood or clay. our task is to fashion these substances. everyone knows that the most precious material may be spoiled, and he knows, too, that out of the least costly an immortal work may be shaped. art is the realization of a permanent idea in an ephemeral form. true life is the realization of the higher virtues,—justice, love, truth, liberty, moral power,—in our daily activities, whatever they may be. and this life is possible in social conditions the most diverse, and with natural gifts the most unequal. it is not fortune or personal advantage, but our turning them to account, that constitutes the value of life. fame adds no more than does length of days: quality is the thing.

need we say that one does not rise to this point of view without a struggle? the spirit of simplicity is not an inherited gift, but the result of a laborious conquest. plain living, like high thinking, is simplification. we know that science is the handful of ultimate principles gathered out of the tufted [19]mass of facts; but what gropings to discover them! centuries of research are often condensed into a principle that a line may state. here the moral life presents strong analogy with the scientific. it, too, begins in a certain confusion, makes trial of itself, seeks to understand itself, and often mistakes. but by dint of action, and exacting from himself strict account of his deeds, man arrives at a better knowledge of life. its law appears to him, and the law is this: work out your mission. he who applies himself to aught else than the realization of this end, loses in living the raison d'être of life. the egoist does so, the pleasure-seeker, the ambitious: he consumes existence as one eating the full corn in the blade,—he prevents it from bearing its fruit; his life is lost. whoever, on the contrary, makes his life serve a good higher than itself, saves it in giving it. moral precepts, which to a superficial view appear arbitrary, and seem made to spoil our zest for life, have really but one object—to preserve us from the evil of having lived in vain. that is why they are constantly leading us back into the same paths; that is why they all have the same meaning: do not waste your life, make it bear fruit; learn how to give it, in order that it may not [20]consume itself! herein is summed up the experience of humanity, and this experience, which each man must remake for himself, is more precious in proportion as it costs more dear. illumined by its light, he makes a moral advance more and more sure. now he has his means of orientation, his internal norm to which he may lead everything back; and from the vacillating, confused, and complex being that he was, he becomes simple. by the ceaseless influence of this same law, which expands within him, and is day by day verified in fact, his opinions and habits become transformed.

once captivated by the beauty and sublimity of the true life, by what is sacred and pathetic in this strife of humanity for truth, justice, and brotherly love, his heart holds the fascination of it. gradually everything subordinates itself to this powerful and persistent charm. the necessary hierarchy of powers is organized within him: the essential commands, the secondary obeys, and order is born of simplicity. we may compare this organization of the interior life to that of an army. an army is strong by its discipline, and its discipline consists in respect of the inferior for the superior, and the concentration of all its energies toward a single end: [21]discipline once relaxed, the army suffers. it will not do to let the corporal command the general. examine carefully your life and the lives of others. whenever something halts or jars, and complications and disorder follow, it is because the corporal has issued orders to the general. where the natural law rules in the heart, disorder vanishes.

i despair of ever describing simplicity in any worthy fashion. all the strength of the world and all its beauty, all true joy, everything that consoles, that feeds hope, or throws a ray of light along our dark paths, everything that makes us see across our poor lives a splendid goal and a boundless future, comes to us from people of simplicity, those who have made another object of their desires than the passing satisfaction of selfishness and vanity, and have understood that the art of living is to know how to give one's life.