(1865.)

readers can scarcely have forgotten the amusing “turn-up” between the rev. mr. kingsley and the rev. dr. newman, in which the latter got the former “into chancery,” and punished him so pitilessly. while reading the “apologia pro vita sua,” one naturally reflected now and then upon the opinions, as stated in the books, of dr. newman’s antagonist; and the fight grew more and more comically exquisite as one gradually learnt the thorough agreement at bottom of the two who were struggling so fiercely at top. when i speak of mr. kingsley’s books, i mean his novels and romances, all of which (except the one not yet completely published) i have duly read and enjoyed. as for certain collections of sermons, a dialogue for loose thinkers, a jeu d’esprit on the pentateuch, together with various trifles by way of lectures on history and philosophy, i confess that none of these have i ever even attempted to peruse. to palliate this sin of omission i can only urge the high probability that a man of mr. kingsley’s character must find much more vigorous and ample expression in a free and easy novel than in any didactic or argumentative treatise, with its wearisome requirements of consecutiveness and cramping limitations of logic. i now ask the leaders of the national reformer to accompany me in a general review of his romances, because i think that such a review will develop two or three facts seldom noticed in the critiques—whether friendly or adverse—that abound upon his writings. especially, i think that it will be found that the popular phrases, “muscular christianity” and “broad church,” by no means sufficiently characterise his religious tendency; and that, with all the superficial unlikeness, almost amounting to perfect contrast between him and dr. newman, the opponents as religious men are fundamentally alike in this—that their respective creeds satisfy, or appear to satisfy, in the same manner the same peculiarly intense want in their several natures.

in every one of mr. kingsley’s romances there is a chief personage, more or less naturally good but decidedly godless at the beginning, god-fearing and saintly at the end. some of the romances have each two or three of these convertites, the throes of whose regeneration are the principal “motives” of the most striking scenes, and may be thus fairly said to furnish the plot and passion of the book. my present object is not aesthetic, and i therefore need not argue the question whether narratives thus constructed can have any claim to rank as genuine works of art. with the melancholy jaques in “as you like it,” i believe:

out of these convertites

there is much matter to be heard and learned—

so will stay “to see no pastime, i,” but run through the stories of these conversions, touching only the most salient points.

alton locke, when adolescent, is a very poor tailor, a poet whose verses are far more vigorous than his character, a chartist, a sceptic. he madly falls in love with a dean’s daughter, and through the patronage of the dean himself, gets a volume of poems published. as the fiercest of the rhymes have been soothed out of this volume by the decorous dean, radical friends forward to young locke a pair of plush-breeches—fitting testimonial to the flunkeyism conspicuous in the omissions. he is imprisoned for inciting a rustic mob to a chartist outbreak, confounds the prison chaplain by sporting the latest novelties in heresy direct from germany, shares when released in the delirium of the memorable tenth of april, finds that the lady of his love is to be married to his cousin, and consummates the long orgy of excitement with a desperate fever. the dean had directed his attention to the study of natural history; hence the frenzy of the fever takes a zoological turn, and he undergoes therein marvellous transmigrations through a series of antediluvian monsters; awaking at last to sane consciousness (sane comparatively, he is never quite in his right senses, poor fellow) to find himself nursed by a young widow, the dean’s elder daughter, who soothes him with ladings from tennyson. she has very recently lost her husband, who was merely a brilliant nobleman, and she herself a convertite; in a few days the modest alton is hinting at a declaration to her. she will not marry him, nor indeed any other man, but she sends him out to south america on a special poetical mission. on the voyage thither he dies, a believer, regenerate, leaving as legacy to his friends and the world at large a war-song of the church (ferociously) militant. what has converted him?—the plush breeches? the crash of the tenth of april? the loss of his first lady love? the reading of the “lotus-eaters?” the delirious fugue of fossils? some or all of these it must be supposed; for weak though he was, he surely could not have been seriously influenced by the comical caricatures of socratic dialectics, which the dean sometimes played with him in lieu of chess or backgammon.

next comes yeast, whose great convertite is lancelot smith. he is introduced to us as fresh from cambridge, a stalwart gallant fellow of great abilities, rather debauched, but discontented with his debauchery, and utterly without fixed creed. an accident confines him long to the house of the squire whom he is visiting. during his convalescence he becomes a lover of one of the squire’s daughters—a young lady whose vernacular name is argemone, and who is herself rapidly growing a perfect saint. he also becomes the friend of a gamekeeper who reads carlyle, writes poetry, and has experienced special religious illumination. lancelot then loses all his fortune by the failure of his uncle’s bank, and loses his sweetheart by the sulphuretted-hydrogen fever; turns street-porter for the nonce to earn a bit of bread, and finally goes off one knows not whither; an excellent fervid christian, after playing through several bewildering pages a wild burlesque of the platonic dialogue with a personage so mysterious that i prefer not to attempt a description of him. what has converted lancelot? the loss of his money and the death of his sweetheart seem to have been the main influences. for although he was stunned with calamity, i will not deem him so stupefied as to think that he was made a believer by the unintelligible dialogue.

then follows hypatia. and here i may remark that i am unable to concur in what seems the general opinion—namely, that mr. kingsley intended his heroine to represent the character of the hypatia of history. although living in the same city at the same period, both lecturing on philosophy, and both ultimately murdered by christian mobs; it appears to me that, as women, the two hypatias differed so much from each other that no one having heard them talk for five minutes could have the slightest doubt as to which was which. history and mr. kingsley have each composed an acrostic on this lovely name, and with the same bouts rimes; but the body (and the spirit) of the one poem is extremely unlike the body (and the spirit) of the other. mr. kingsley proffers us an ancient cup and a flask, greek-lettered “wine of cyprus”; we commence to drink solemnly and devoutly, but—o most miserable mockery! it is indubitable brandy and water. well may he call this an old foe with a new face! the kingsley hypatia is not altogether, but is very nearly a convertite; so nearly that he would certainly have made her altogether one, had not the bouts rime’s been too well known for alteration. her best pupil (of whom more anon) abandons her, she begins to love a beautiful young greek monk, and yet (that philosophy may have the help of worldly power in its mortal duel with christianity) consents to marry the prefect of alexandria, whom she very justly despises. while miserable with the consciousness of how low she is stooping to conquer, she is fascinated or mesmerised by an old jewish hag, and crouches in a sort of fetish worship to what she thinks a statue of apollo, said statue being represented by the handsome monk. in the agony of shame which follows her discovery of this cheat she performs a short parody of the socratic dialogue in concert with the pupil who had left her and who has returned a christian, and at last, when going to the lecture hall (where murder shall prevent her from ever lecturing more) she confesses to a certain longing for christianity. why? she was wretched, humiliated, defeated, weary; she had staked all on the red, and had lost—what more natural than a yearning to try the black? and this character is published and generally received for the hypatia of history!

but the great convertite of this romance is the pupil already mentioned, the renegade jew, raphael ben ezra. in the prime of life, wealthy, the favorite comrade of the prefect, superlatively gifted with that subtle hebrew clearness, which, swayed by a strong will and intense self-love, can scarcely be distinguished from genius, we find him in the opening chapters already as used up as the old king solomon of ecclesiastes, having exhausted all excitements of wine, women, and philosophy, all voluptuousness, physical and intellectual. desperate with ennui, he abandons hypatia, casts away his wealth (how many jews do the same!), barters clothes with a beggar, and sets out to wander the world with an amiable british bull-bitch (afterwards the happy mother of nine sweet infants) for his sole guide, philosopher and friend. the chapter wherein his pyrrhonism disported itself “on the floor of the bottomless” seems to have been, in great measure, borrowed from the talk of one babbalanja in herman melville’s “mardi;” perhaps, however, both were borrowed direct from jean paul’s gigantic grotesque, “titan.” becoming involved in the meshes of the great war in africa—that revolt of heraclian against honorius which gibbon treats with such contemptuous brevity in his thirty-first chapter—he is nearly killed himself, saves an old officer from death and soon falls in love with this officer’s daughter. he reads about this time certain epistles, and infers therefrom that saul of tarsus was one of the finest gentlemen that ever lived. also, while the guest of good bishop synesius, he hears saint augustine preach, and engages with him in long discussions, fortunately unreported. returning to alexandria, he almost converts hypatia, sees her murdered, sharpens his tongue on cyril the primate, and leaves again to marry his saintly sweetheart, and end his lire as quite a model christian. what has converted him? his love for the young christian? the gentlemanly character of paul’s epistles? the bull-bitch with her ninefold litter, like shakespere’s nightmare? the murder of hypatia by the christians, who rent, and tore and shred her living body to fragments? or was it mere satiety and weariness of thinking—the weariness which leads so many who thought freely when young to find a resting-place in the bosom of the church as they get old?

in “westward, ho!” the great conversion is of ayacanorah. but as this is a conversion not merely religious but also moral, social and intellectual, a conversion from barbarism to civilisation, it does not come fairly into the class i am describing. two incidents in the romance, however, must not be passed over. the first occurs in the lotus-eating chapter. will para-combe tired, as well he may be, of wandering about savage america in search of el dorado, blindly refuses to see that it is his chief end as man to continue wandering until el dorado is found and the captain has glutted his heart with vengeance on the spaniards; and will gives such excellent reasons for staying in the beautiful spot where he is, with the beautiful and affectionate native woman whom he is willing and anxious to marry in the most legal mode attainable, that captain amyas leigh, who has been urging him onward with true kingsleyan diffidence and mildness, finds himself dumbfounded. but valuable logical assistance is at hand. a jaguar like a bar of iron plunges on poor will, and he and his arguments are settled on the spot. amyas thanks god for this special interposition of providence in his favor. and the man who wrote the adventure of amyas can sneer at the faith of a catholic like dr. newman! the other incident is the conversion of amyas from his diabolical hatred of the spaniards in general, and of the don with whom rose had eloped in particular. a lightning-flash strikes him blind, and he thereupon repents him of his hatred and desire of revenge, and, moreover, has a vision of the don drowned with his sunken galleon, who assures him that his hatred was without just cause. these are the true kingsleyan dialectics; these, and not those burlesques of what plato wrote and socrates spoke, and mr. kingsley is no more able to conduct than i am to lead on the violin like herr joachim, a great concerted composition of beethoven. let a jaguar loose into your opponent’s syllogistic premises, blind him with a lightning-flash that he may see the truth and have clear vision of the right way. yet mr. kingsley has undoubtedly read about a tower in siloam that fell, and what joshua bar-joseph said of the people killed by this accident.

lastly, we have “two years ago,” whose great convertite is tom thumal. tom is one of the jolliest of characters, true as steel, tough as oak, quick and deft for all emergencies, a compact mass of common sense, and courage, and energy, living in the most godless state, he is not a heathen—he is more godless yet; for a heathen has something of wood or stone which serves him for a deity. in the saga of saint olaf (in that great and glorious work “the heims-kringla”) we read how this pious and terrible king going to his last battle was asked by two brothers, who were freebooters, for permission to fight in his ranks. but although these and their followers were “tall” men, and the king was in sore need of recruits, he would not accept their services unless they believed in christ. whereupon they answered that they saw no special need of the help of the “white christ”; that they had been hitherto wont to believe in themselves and their own luck, and with this belief had managed to pull through very well, and thought they could do the same for the future. ultimately, these excellent fellows did consent to be baptised and called christians—not from any religious motive, alas! but only because of a “shtrong wakeness” they had for taking part in a set battle. tom thurnal has just as much, and as little, religion as these had. after wandering all over the world in all sorts of capacities, he comes back to be shipwrecked on the cornish coast, and is the only one on board saved. while he is being dragged up the beach senseless, his belt of money—the fruit of a season at the australian diggings—disappears; and he resolves to settle in the village, in order to discover it or the thief. here he falls in love with the village schoolmistress, a sweet mystical devotee, whom he rather suspects of stealing his gold, and whom he defends from one ruffian in order to grossly insult her himself. in the village tom is doctor, and, when the cholera comes, he is assisted in bringing the village through it by this saintly schoolmistress, and a pious major, and a fervid high church parson. at the breaking out of the crimean war, tom gets charged with a secret mission to the east. somewhere in turkey, in asia, an imbecile sheikh or pasha whom he is endeavoring to serve, mistakes his man?uvres, and keeps him in captivity for a year or two. from this imprisonment he comes home crushed and abject, “afraid in passing a house that it would fall and smother him,” etc., marries his sweetheart and ends a model christian. what has converted him? simply, it appears, the year or two of solitary confinement—which took all the pith and manhood out of him. this last case, the work of mr. kingsley in the full maturity of his powers, is the most flagrant of all.

if i have not summed up these cases fairly, the novels and romances in question are in everybody’s hands to convict me of the unfairness. i have simply sketched the leading points as they remain in my memory, not referring to the books again to pick out what would best serve my purpose. it is not my fault if the personages, who looked so great and grandiose in the flowing and ample draperies of romance, do not strip well for anatomy.

now, what is common to all these cases of conversion? this: that the characters become religious, not when healthy, but when diseased; the religion in every case is exhibited as a drug for the sick, not as wholesome food for the healthy. while you are sane, well and hearty, doing your work in the world deftly, sound in mind, and wind, and limb, and fairly prosperous, you have no need of this religion—you can get through the world very well without it. but when your fortune is lost, your sweetheart dead or married to another, your courage cowed, your heart broken, your mind diseased, your self-respect humiliated, then you long for and embrace christianity (or whatever religion is dominant around you): it is a soft pillow for the aching head, a tender couch for the bruised body, a flattering nurse for the desolate invalid. i can scarcely add that it is a medicine for the sickness, for its medicinal virtues are hardly shown; but it is, at any rate, as we read of its effects in these books, a narcotic and an anodyne for restlessness and pain. it is a religion to die with, not to live with. all these things, so soothing and beneficial to the invalid, are nauseous and noxious to the healthy.

a man could no more live vigorous life on such religion than he could live vigorous life couched tenderly, pillowed softly, nursed assiduously, and drugged with narcotics and anodyne all the days of his life.

is the religious world willing to accept this view of religion? it would seem so by the remarkable popularity of these books. this view may be correct or incorrect, wise or foolish; at any rate, it is strangely at variance with the view commonly ascribed to “muscular christians,” and strangely identical with that which dr. newman explicitly avows in the most eloquent pages of his “apologia.” people generally consider “muscular christianity” as a clever and cheerful improvement on the old solemn ascetic christianity, as a doctrine which fully recognises the goodness of the common world and common worldly life, as a liberal cultus which does not sacrifice body to soul any more than soul to body, but is at once gymnastic and spiritualistic in its “exercises”; a vague notion is abroad that, whereas the early religion of christ and his apostles was of sorrow and suffering, this, its latest development, is a religion of happiness and health; in short, it is believed that “muscular christianity” has added the gospel(1) of the body and this life to the primitive gospel of the soul and the next life: and yet the most popular and vigorous writer of this new school, after exhausting a very fertile imagination in the suggestion of methods and modes by which godless sinners may be converted to godliness, has absolutely found no other process effectual than this of showering upon them misfortunes, humiliations, afflictions, calamities (such as do not in real life fall upon one human being in a thousand, and working results such as they would not work in one real human being out of ten thousand); until health and hope, self-respect and the capacity for sane joy are altogether destroyed in them, the manhood and womanhood overwhelmed and crushed out of them; after which he brings in these miserable wrecks and relics of what were once men and women as all that he can contribute to the extension of the church, which ought to be the cheerful congregation of wholesome men and women throughout the world, the richest flower and ripest fruit of humanity. if the church of the future is to be composed of creatures like mr. kingsley’s convertites, westminster abbey must be turned into a grand chartreuse, and st. paul’s into an hospital for incurables, and the metropolitan cathedral of england must be bedlam.

1. the gospel of the body and this life has been powerfully preached in the most explicit terms on the continent. in england we have been too prudish to advocate it so clearly, although it is, of course, essential to the most enlightened positivism and secularism. that much-abused book the “elements of social science” preaches it with more thoroughness, knowledge and ability than any other english work i have met with. i do not pretend to be wise enough to judge this book, and so far as i can judge it, i differ from it in many respects; but on the broad question of the spirit in which it is written, i do not fear to assert that no honest and intelligent man can find pruriency and impurity in it, without he brings the pruriency and impurity in his own heart and mind to the study of it. i can understand ascetic christians abhorring it, i can understand timid freethinkers being frightened by it because they are timid; but i cannot understand men who claim to be bold and honest freethinkers avoiding it as an unholy thing merely because of the subjects it treats, without reference to the mode of treatment, and without sympathy for the admirable motives which manifestly incited the author. he may well say with the most brilliant and daring of all who have preached this gospel of the body in our age (this gospel which is so sorely needed to complement and modify the exclusive gospel of the soul—this gospel which plato preached along with the other, while jesus preached the other only), he may well say with heine

doch die castraten klagten,

a?s ich meine stimm’ erhob;

sie klagten und sie sagten;

ich sange veil zu grob.