retreat of the spaniards—distresses of the army—pyramids of teotihuacan—great battle of otumba

1520

the mexicans, during the day which followed the retreat of the spaniards, remained, for the most part, quiet in their own capital, where they found occupation in cleansing the streets and causeways from the dead, which lay festering in heaps that might have bred a pestilence. they may have been employed, also, in paying the last honors to such of their warriors as had fallen, solemnizing the funeral rites by the sacrifice of their wretched prisoners, who, as they contemplated their own destiny, may well have envied the fate of their companions who left their bones on the battle-field. it was most fortunate for the spaniards, in their extremity, that they had this breathing-time allowed them by the enemy. but cortés knew that he could not calculate on its continuance, and, feeling how important it was to get the start of his vigilant foe, he ordered his troops to be in readiness to resume their march by midnight. fires were left burning, the better to deceive the enemy; and at the appointed hour the little army,{184} without sound of drum or trumpet, but with renewed spirits, sallied forth from the gates of the teocalli, within whose hospitable walls they had found such seasonable succor. the place is now indicated by a christian church, dedicated to the virgin, under the title of nuestra se?ora de los remedios, whose miraculous image—the very same, it is said, brought over by the followers of cortés[194]—still extends her beneficent sway over the neighboring capital; and the traveller who pauses within the precincts of the consecrated fane may feel that he is standing on the spot made memorable by the refuge it afforded to the conquerors in the hour of their deepest despondency.[195]

it was arranged that the sick and wounded should occupy the centre, transported on litters, or on the backs of the tamanes, while those who were strong enough to keep their seats should mount behind the cavalry. the able-bodied soldiers were ordered to the front and rear, while others protected the flanks, thus affording all the security possible to the invalids.

the retreating army held on its way unmolested under cover of the darkness. but, as morning dawned, they beheld parties of the natives moving over the heights, or hanging at a distance, like a{185} cloud of locusts, on their rear. they did not belong to the capital, but were gathered from the neighboring country, where the tidings of their rout had already penetrated. the charm which had hitherto covered the white men was gone. the dread teules were no longer invincible.[196]

the spaniards, under the conduct of their tlascalan guides, took a circuitous route to the north, passing through quauhtitlan, and round lake tzompanco (zumpango), thus lengthening their march, but keeping at a distance from the capital. from the eminences, as they passed along, the indians rolled down heavy stones, mingled with volleys of darts and arrows, on the heads of the soldiers. some were even bold enough to descend into the plain and assault the extremities of the column. but they were soon beaten off by the horse, and compelled to take refuge among the hills, where the ground was too rough for the rider to follow. indeed, the spaniards did not care to do so, their object being rather to fly than to fight.

in this way they slowly advanced, halting at intervals to drive off their assailants when they be{186}came too importunate, and greatly distressed by their missiles and their desultory attacks. at night, the troops usually found shelter in some town or hamlet, whence the inhabitants, in anticipation of their approach, had been careful to carry off all the provisions. the spaniards were soon reduced to the greatest straits for subsistence. their principal food was the wild cherry, which grew in the woods or by the roadside. fortunate were they if they found a few ears of corn unplucked. more frequently nothing was left but the stalks; and with them, and the like unwholesome fare, they were fain to supply the cravings of appetite. when a horse happened to be killed, it furnished an extraordinary banquet; and cortés himself records the fact of his having made one of a party who thus sumptuously regaled themselves, devouring the animal even to his hide.[197]

the wretched soldiers, faint with famine and fatigue, were sometimes seen to drop down lifeless on the road. others loitered behind, unable to keep up with the march, and fell into the hands of the enemy, who followed in the track of the army like{187} a flock of famished vultures, eager to pounce on the dying and the dead. others, again, who strayed too far, in their eagerness to procure sustenance, shared the same fate. the number of these, at length, and the consciousness of the cruel lot for which they were reserved, compelled cortés to introduce stricter discipline, and to enforce it by sterner punishments than he had hitherto done,—though too often ineffectually, such was the indifference to danger, under the overwhelming pressure of present calamity.

in their prolonged distresses, the soldiers ceased to set a value on those very things for which they had once been content to hazard life itself. more than one who had brought his golden treasure safe through the perils of the noche triste now abandoned it as an intolerable burden; and the rude indian peasant gleaned up, with wondering delight, the bright fragments of the spoils of the capital.[198]

through these weary days cortés displayed his usual serenity and fortitude. he was ever in the post of danger, freely exposing himself in encounters with the enemy; in one of which he received a severe wound in the head that afterwards gave him much trouble.[199] he fared no better than the humblest soldier, and strove, by his own cheerful countenance and counsels, to fortify the courage of those who faltered, assuring them that their suffer{188}ings would soon be ended by their arrival in the hospitable “land of bread.”[200] his faithful officers co-operated with him in these efforts; and the common file, indeed, especially his own veterans, must be allowed, for the most part, to have shown a full measure of the constancy and power of endurance so characteristic of their nation,—justifying the honest boast of an old chronicler, “that there was no people so capable of supporting hunger as the spaniards, and none of them who were ever more severely tried than the soldiers of cortés.”[201] a similar fortitude was shown by the tlascalans, trained in a rough school that made them familiar with hardship and privations. although they sometimes threw themselves on the ground, in the extremity of famine, imploring their gods not to abandon them, they did their duty as warriors, and, far from manifesting coldness towards the spaniards as the cause of their distresses, seemed only the more firmly knit to them by the sense of a common suffering.

on the seventh morning, the army had reached the mountain rampart which overlooks the plains of otompan, or otumba, as commonly called, from the indian city—now a village—situated in them. the distance from the capital is hardly nine leagues. but the spaniards had travelled more than thrice that distance, in their circuitous march round the lakes. this had been performed so{189} slowly that it consumed a week, two nights of which had been passed in the same quarters, from the absolute necessity of rest. it was not, therefore, till the seventh of july that they reached the heights commanding the plains which stretched far away towards the territory of tlascala, in full view of the venerable pyramids of teotihuacan, two of the most remarkable monuments of the antique american civilization now existing north of the isthmus. during all the preceding day they had seen parties of the enemy hovering like dark clouds above the highlands, brandishing their weapons, and calling out, in vindictive tones, “hasten on! you will soon find yourselves where you cannot escape!” words of mysterious import, which they were made fully to comprehend on the following morning.[202]

the monuments of san juan teotihuacan are, with the exception of the temple of cholula, the most ancient remains, probably, on the mexican soil. they were found by the aztecs, according to their traditions, on their entrance into the country, when teotihuacan, the habitation of the gods, now a paltry village, was a flourishing city, the rival of tula, the great toltec capital.[203] the two princi{190}pal pyramids were dedicated to tonatiuh, the sun, and meztli, the moon. the former, which is considerably the larger, is found by recent measurements to be six hundred and eighty-two feet long at the base, and one hundred and eighty feet high, dimensions not inferior to those of some of the kindred monuments of egypt.[204] they were divided into four stories, of which three are now discernible, while the vestiges of the intermediate gradations are nearly effaced. in fact, time has dealt so roughly with them, and the materials have been so much displaced by the treacherous vegetation of the tropics, muffling up with its flowery mantle the ruin which it causes, that it is not easy to discern at once the pyramidal form of the structures.[205] the huge masses bear such resemblance to the north american mounds that some have fancied them to be only natural eminences shaped by the hand of man into a regular form, and ornamented with the temples and terraces the wreck of which still covers their slopes. but others, seeing no example of a similar elevation in the wide plain in which they stand, infer, with more prob{191}ability, that they are wholly of an artificial construction.[206]

the interior is composed of clay mixed with pebbles, incrusted on the surface with the light porous stone, tetzontli, so abundant in the neighboring quarries. over this was a thick coating of stucco, resembling, in its reddish color, that found in the ruins of palenque. according to tradition, the pyramids are hollow; but hitherto the attempt to discover the cavity in that dedicated to the sun has been unsuccessful. in the smaller mound an aperture has been found on the southern side, at two-thirds of the elevation. it is formed by a narrow gallery, which, after penetrating to the distance of several yards, terminates in two pits or wells. the largest of these is about fifteen feet deep,[207] and the sides are faced with unbaked bricks; but to what purpose it was devoted, nothing is left to show. it may have been to hold the ashes of some powerful chief, like the solitary apartment discovered in the great egyptian pyramid. that these monuments were dedicated to religious uses, there is no doubt; and it would be only conformable to the practice of antiquity in the eastern continent that they should have served for tombs as well as temples.[208]{192}

distinct traces of the latter destination are said to be visible on the summit of the smaller pyramid, consisting of the remains of stone walls showing a building of considerable size and strength.[209] there are no remains on the top of the pyramid of the sun. but the traveller who will take the trouble to ascend its bald summit will be amply compensated by the glorious view it will open to him;—towards the southeast, the hills of tlascala, surrounded by their green plantations and cultivated corn-fields, in the midst of which stands the little village, once the proud capital of the republic. somewhat farther to the south, the eye passes across the beautiful plains lying around the city of puebla de los angeles, founded by the old spaniards, and still rivalling, in the splendor of its churches, the most brilliant capitals of europe; and far in the west he may behold the valley of mexico, spread out like a map, with its diminished lakes, its princely capital rising in still greater glory from its ruins, and its rugged hills gathering darkly around it, as in the days of montezuma.

the summit of this larger mound is said to have been crowned by a temple, in which was a colossal statue of its presiding deity, the sun, made of one entire block of stone, and facing the east. its breast was protected by a plate of burnished gold and silver, on which the first rays of the rising luminary rested.[210] an antiquary, in the early part{193} of the last century, speaks of having seen some fragments of the statue. it was still standing, according to report, on the invasion of the spaniards, and was demolished by the indefatigable bishop zumárraga, whose hand fell more heavily than that of time itself on the aztec monuments.[211]

around the principal pyramids are a great number of smaller ones, rarely exceeding thirty feet in height, which, according to tradition, were dedicated to the stars and served as sepulchres for the great men of the nation. they are arranged symmetrically in avenues terminating at the sides of the great pyramids, which face the cardinal points. the plain on which they stand was called micoatl, or “path of the dead.” the laborer, as he turns up the ground, still finds there numerous arrow-heads, and blades of obsidian, attesting the warlike character of its primitive population.[212]

what thoughts must crowd on the mind of the traveller as he wanders amidst these memorials of the past; as he treads over the ashes of the generations who reared these colossal fabrics, which take us from the present into the very depths of time! but who were their builders? was it the shadowy olmecs, whose history, like that of the ancient titans, is lost in the mists of fable? or, as commonly reported, the peaceful and industrious toltecs, of{194} whom all that we can glean rests on traditions hardly more secure? what has become of the races who built them? did they remain on the soil, and mingle and become incorporated with the fierce aztecs who succeeded them? or did they pass on to the south, and find a wider field for the expansion of their civilization, as shown by the higher character of the architectural remains in the distant regions of central america and yucatan? it is all a mystery,—over which time has thrown an impenetrable veil, that no mortal hand may raise. a nation has passed away,—powerful, populous, and well advanced in refinement, as attested by their monuments,—but it has perished without a name. it has died and made no sign!

such speculations, however, do not seem to have disturbed the minds of the conquerors, who have not left a single line respecting these time-honored structures, though they passed in full view of them,—perhaps under their very shadows. in the sufferings of the present they had little leisure to bestow on the past. indeed, the new and perilous position in which at this very spot they found themselves must naturally have excluded every other thought from their bosoms but that of self-preservation.

as the army was climbing the mountain steeps which shut in the valley of otompan, the vedettes came in with the intelligence that a powerful body was encamped on the other side, apparently awaiting their approach. the intelligence was soon confirmed by their own eyes as they turned the crest of the sierra, and saw spread out, below, a mighty{195} host, filling up the whole depth of the valley, and giving to it the appearance, from the white cotton mail of the warriors, of being covered with snow.[213] it consisted of levies from the surrounding country, and especially the populous territory of tezcuco, drawn together at the instance of cuitlahua, montezuma’s successor, and now concentrated on this point to dispute the passage of the spaniards. every chief of note had taken the field with his whole array gathered under his standard, proudly displaying all the pomp and rude splendor of his military equipment. as far as the eye could reach, were to be seen shields and waving banners, fantastic helmets, forests of shining spears, the bright feather-mail of the chief, and the coarse cotton panoply of his follower, all mingled together in wild confusion and tossing to and fro like the billows of a troubled ocean.[214] it was a sight to fill the stoutest heart among the christians with dismay, heightened by the previous expectation of soon reaching the friendly land which was to terminate their wearisome pilgrimage. even cortés, as he contrasted the tremendous array before him with his own diminished squadrons, wasted by disease and enfeebled by hunger and fatigue, could not escape the conviction that his last hour had arrived.[215]{196}

but his was not the heart to despond; and he gathered strength from the very extremity of his situation. he had no room for hesitation; for there was no alternative left to him. to escape was impossible. he could not retreat on the capital, from which he had been expelled. he must advance,—cut through the enemy, or perish. he hastily made his dispositions for the fight. he gave his force as broad a front as possible, protecting it on each flank by his little body of horse, now reduced to twenty. fortunately, he had not allowed the invalids, for the last two days, to mount behind the riders, from a desire to spare the horses, so that these were now in tolerable condition; and, indeed, the whole army had been refreshed by halting, as we have seen, two nights and a day in the same place, a delay, however, which had allowed the enemy time to assemble in such force to dispute its progress.

cortés instructed his cavaliers not to part with their lances, and to direct them at the face. the infantry were to thrust, not strike, with their swords; passing them at once through the bodies of their enemies. they were, above all, to aim at the leaders, as the general well knew how much depends on the life of the commander in the wars of barbarians, whose want of subordination makes them impatient of any control but that to which they are accustomed.

he then addressed to his troops a few words of encouragement, as customary with him on the eve of an engagement. he reminded them of the victories they had won with odds nearly as

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the great battle of otumba

goupil & co., paris

{197}

discouraging as the present; thus establishing the superiority of science and discipline over numbers. numbers, indeed, were of no account, where the arm of the almighty was on their side. and he bade them have full confidence that he who had carried them safely through so many perils would not now abandon them and his own good cause to perish by the hand of the infidel. his address was brief, for he read in their looks that settled resolve which rendered words unnecessary. the circumstances of their position spoke more forcibly to the heart of every soldier than any eloquence could have done, filling it with that feeling of desperation which makes the weak arm strong and turns the coward into a hero. after they had earnestly commended themselves, therefore, to the protection of god, the virgin, and st. james, cortés led his battalions straight against the enemy.[216]

it was a solemn moment, that in which the devoted little band, with steadfast countenances and their usual intrepid step, descended on the plain, to be swallowed up, as it were, in the vast ocean of their enemies. the latter rushed on with impetuosity to meet them, making the mountains ring to their discordant yells and battle-cries, and sending forth volleys of stones and arrows which for a moment shut out the light of day. but, when the{198} leading files of the two armies closed, the superiority of the christians was felt, as their antagonists, falling back before the charges of cavalry, were thrown into confusion by their own numbers who pressed on them from behind. the spanish infantry followed up the blow, and a wide lane was opened in the ranks of the enemy, who, receding on all sides, seemed willing to allow a free passage for their opponents. but it was to return on them with accumulated force, as rallying they poured upon the christians, enveloping the little army on all sides, which, with its bristling array of long swords and javelins, stood firm,—in the words of a contemporary,—like an islet against which the breakers, roaring and surging, spend their fury in vain.[217] the struggle was desperate of man against man. the tlascalan seemed to renew his strength, as he fought almost in view of his own native hills, as did the spaniard, with the horrible doom of the captive before his eyes. well did the cavaliers do their duty on that day; charging, in little bodies of four or five abreast, deep into the enemy’s ranks, riding over the broken files, and by this temporary advantage giving strength and courage to the infantry. not a lance was there which did not reek with the blood of the infidel. among the rest, the young captain sandoval is particularly commemorated for his daring prowess. managing his fiery steed with easy horsemanship, he darted, when least{199} expected, into the thickest of the mêlée, overturning the stanchest warriors, and rejoicing in danger, as if it were his natural element.[218]

but these gallant displays of heroism served only to ingulf the spaniards deeper and deeper in the mass of the enemy, with scarcely any more chance of cutting their way through his dense and interminable battalions than of hewing a passage with their swords through the mountains. many of the tlascalans and some of the spaniards had fallen, and not one but had been wounded. cortés himself had received a second cut on the head, and his horse was so much injured that he was compelled to dismount, and take one from the baggage train, a strong-boned animal, who carried him well through the turmoil of the day.[219] the contest had now lasted several hours. the sun rode high in the heavens, and shed an intolerable fervor over the plain. the christians, weakened by previous sufferings, and faint with loss of blood, began to relax in their desperate exertions. their enemies, constantly supported by fresh relays from the rear, were still in good heart, and, quick to perceive their{200} advantage, pressed with redoubled force on the spaniards. the horse fell back, crowded on the foot; and the latter, in vain seeking a passage amidst the dusky throngs of the enemy, who now closed up the rear, were thrown into some disorder. the tide of battle was setting rapidly against the christians. the fate of the day would soon be decided; and all that now remained for them seemed to be to sell their lives as dearly as possible.

at this critical moment, cortés, whose restless eye had been roving round the field in quest of any object that might offer him the means of arresting the coming ruin, rising in his stirrups, descried at a distance, in the midst of the throng, the chief who from his dress and military cortége he knew must be the commander of the barbarian forces. he was covered with a rich surcoat of feather-work; and a panache of beautiful plumes, gorgeously set in gold and precious stones, floated above his head. rising above this, and attached to his back, between the shoulders, was a short staff bearing a golden net for a banner,—the singular, but customary, symbol of authority for an aztec commander. the cacique, whose name was cihuaca, was borne on a litter, and a body of young warriors, whose gay and ornamented dresses showed them to be the flower of the indian nobles, stood round as a guard of his person and the sacred emblem.

the eagle eye of cortés no sooner fell on this personage than it lighted up with triumph. turning quickly round to the cavaliers at his side, among whom were sandoval, olid, alvarado, and avila,{201} he pointed out the chief, exclaiming, “there is our mark! follow and support me!” then, crying his war-cry, and striking his iron heel into his weary steed, he plunged headlong into the thickest of the press. his enemies fell back, taken by surprise and daunted by the ferocity of the attack. those who did not were pierced through with his lance or borne down by the weight of his charger. the cavaliers followed close in the rear. on they swept with the fury of a thunderbolt, cleaving the solid ranks asunder, strewing their path with the dying and the dead, and bounding over every obstacle in their way. in a few minutes they were in the presence of the indian commander, and cortés, overturning his supporters, sprang forward with the strength of a lion, and, striking him through with his lance, hurled him to the ground. a young cavalier, juan de salamanca, who had kept close by his general’s side, quickly dismounted and despatched the fallen chief. then, tearing away his banner, he presented it to cortés, as a trophy to which he had the best claim.[220] it was all the work of a moment. the guard, overpowered by the suddenness of the onset, made little resistance, but, flying, communicated their own panic to their comrades. the tidings of the loss soon spread over the field. the indians, filled with consternation, now thought only of escape. in their blind terror, their numbers augmented their confusion. they{202} trampled on one another, fancying it was the enemy in their rear.[221]

the spaniards and tlascalans were not slow to avail themselves of the marvellous change in their affairs. their fatigue, their wounds, hunger, thirst, all were forgotten in the eagerness for vengeance; and they followed up the flying foe, dealing death at every stroke, and taking ample retribution for all they had suffered in the bloody marshes of mexico.[222] long did they pursue, till, the enemy having abandoned the field, they returned, sated with slaughter, to glean the booty which he had left. it was great, for the ground was covered with the bodies of chiefs, at whom the spaniards, in obedience to the general’s instructions, had particularly aimed; and their dresses displayed all the barbaric pomp of ornament in which the indian warrior delighted.[223] when his men had{203} thus indemnified themselves, in some degree, for their late reverses, cortés called them again under their banners; and, after offering up a grateful acknowledgment to the lord of hosts for their miraculous preservation,[224] they renewed their march across the now deserted valley. the sun was declining in the heavens, but, before the shades of evening had gathered around, they reached an indian temple on an eminence, which afforded a strong and commodious position for the night.

such was the famous battle of otompan,—or otumba, as commonly called, from the spanish corruption of the name. it was fought on the eighth of july, 1520. the whole amount of the indian force is reckoned by castilian writers at two hundred thousand! that of the slain at twenty thousand! those who admit the first part of the estimate will find no difficulty in receiving the last.[225] it is about as difficult to form an accurate calculation of the numbers of a disorderly savage multitude as of the pebbles on the beach or the scattered leaves in autumn. yet it was, undoubtedly, one of the most remarkable victories ever achieved{204} in the new world. and this, not merely on account of the disparity of the forces, but of their unequal condition. for the indians were in all their strength, while the christians were wasted by disease, famine, and long-protracted sufferings; without cannon or fire-arms, and deficient in the military apparatus which had so often struck terror into their barbarian foe,—deficient even in the terrors of a victorious name. but they had discipline on their side, desperate resolve, and implicit confidence in their commander. that they should have triumphed against such odds furnishes an inference of the same kind as that established by the victories of the european over the semi-civilized hordes of asia.

yet even here all must not be referred to superior discipline and tactics. for the battle would certainly have been lost had it not been for the fortunate death of the indian general. and, although the selection of the victim may be called the result of calculation, yet it was by the most precarious chance that he was thrown in the way of the spaniards. it is, indeed, one among many examples of the influence of fortune in determining the fate of military operations. the star of cortés was in the ascendant. had it been otherwise, not a spaniard would have survived that day to tell the bloody tale of the battle of otumba.