city of cholula—great temple—march to cholula—reception of the spaniards—conspiracy detected

1519

the ancient city of cholula, capital of the republic of that name, lay nearly six leagues south of tlascala, and about twenty east, or rather southeast, of mexico. it was said by cortés to contain twenty thousand houses within the walls, and as many more in the environs;[187] though now dwindled to a population of less than sixteen thousand souls.[188] whatever was its real number of inhabitants, it was unquestionably, at the time of the conquest, one of the most populous and flourishing cities in new spain.

it was of great antiquity, and was founded by the primitive races who overspread the land before the aztecs.[189] we have few particulars of its form{181} of government, which seems to have been cast on a republican model similar to that of tlascala.{*} this answered so well that the state maintained its independence down to a very late period, when, if not reduced to vassalage by the aztecs, it was so far under their control as to enjoy few of the benefits of a separate political existence. their connection with mexico brought the cholulans into frequent collision with their neighbors and kindred the tlascalans. but, although far superior to them in refinement and the various arts of civilization, they were no match in war for the bold mountaineers, the swiss of anahuac. the cholulan capital was the great commercial emporium of the plateau. the inhabitants excelled in various mechanical arts, especially that of working in metals, the manufacture of cotton and agave cloths, and of a delicate kind of pottery, rivalling, it was said, that of florence in beauty.[190] but such{182} attention to the arts of a polished and peaceful community naturally indisposed them to war, and disqualified them for coping with those who made war the great business of life. the cholulans were accused of effeminacy, and were less distinguished—it is the charge of their rivals—by their courage than their cunning.[191]

{*} [the older authorities agree in stating that cholula was democratically governed. bandelier (studies about cholula and its vicinity, in his report of an arch?ological tour in mexico in 1881) concludes that there were in the community six kins. torquemada says the tribal council consisted of six speakers. the tribe was governed by two chief executives (called aquiach and tlalquiach). their functions were partly warlike, as is evidenced by their appellations “eagle” and “tiger,” and partly religious. the tribe occupied one large pueblo, with a few smaller groups, possibly twenty, scattered about it, of which perhaps two deserved the title of villages. the population of the pueblo may have been 30,000 in 1519. the estimate of houses which cortés gives is too large. moreover, a large number of houses in each pueblo was always unoccupied.—m.]

but the capital, so conspicuous for its refinement and its great antiquity, was even more venerable for the religious traditions which invested it. it was here that the god quetzalcoatl paused in his passage to the coast, and passed twenty years in teaching the toltec inhabitants the arts of civilization. he made them acquainted with better forms of government, and a more spiritualized religion, in which the only sacrifices were the fruits and flowers of the season.[192] it is not easy to determine what he taught, since his lessons have been so mingled with the licentious dogmas of his own priests and the mystic commentaries of the christian missionary.[193] it is probable that he was one of{183} those rare and gifted beings who, dissipating the darkness of the age by the illumination of their own genius, are deified by a grateful posterity and placed among the lights of heaven.

it was in honor of this benevolent deity that the stupendous mound{*} was erected on which the traveller still gazes with admiration as the most colossal fabric in new spain, rivalling in dimensions, and somewhat resembling in form, the pyramidal structures of ancient egypt. the date of its erection is unknown; for it was found there when the aztecs entered on the plateau. it had the form common to the mexican teocallis, that of a truncated pyramid, facing with its four sides the cardinal points, and divided into the same number of terraces. its original outlines, however, have been effaced by the action of time and of the elements, while the exuberant growth of shrubs and wild flowers, which have mantled over its surface,{184} give it the appearance of one of those symmetrical elevations thrown up by the caprice of nature rather than by the industry of man. it is doubtful indeed, whether the interior be not a natural hill; though it seems not improbable that it is an artificial composition of stone and earth, deeply incrusted, as is certain, in every part, with alternate strata of brick and clay.[194]

in the teacher himself they recognize no less a person than st. thomas the apostle! see the dissertation of the irrefragable dr. mier, with an edifying commentary by se?or bustamante, ap. sahagun. (hist. de nueva-espa?a, tom. i., suplemento.) the reader will find further particulars of this matter in the essay on the origin of the mexican civilization, at the end of the first book of this history.

{*} [the most careful measurements of the great mound, or “pyramid,” were those made by bandelier in 1881. he found the base to be a trapeze. north line, 1000 feet; east line, 1026 feet; south line, 833 feet; west line, 1000 feet; total, 3859 feet. this would give an approximate area of over twenty acres for the base. measuring the height of the mound from each of its four sides, he found the average altitude to be 169 feet. there is not a trace of aboriginal work upon the summit. the structure was built long before the nahuatl period. it was not erected at one time, but grew as necessity ordered. it was a place of refuge and its top was used as a place of worship.—m.]

the perpendicular height of the pyramid is one hundred and seventy-seven feet. its base is one thousand four hundred and twenty-three feet long, twice as long as that of the great pyramid of cheops. it may give some idea of its dimensions to state that its base, which is square, covers about forty-four acres, and the platform on its truncated summit embraces more than one. it reminds us of those colossal monuments of brickwork which are still seen in ruins on the banks of the euphrates, and, in much higher preservation, on those of the nile.[195]

on the summit stood a sumptuous temple, in{185} which was the image of the mystic deity, “god of the air,” with ebon features, unlike the fair complexion which he bore upon earth, wearing a mitre on his head waving with plumes of fire, with a resplendent collar of gold round his neck, pendants of mosaic turquoise in his ears, a jewelled sceptre in one hand, and a shield curiously painted, the emblem of his rule over the winds, in the other.[196] the sanctity of the place, hallowed by hoary tradition, and the magnificence of the temple and its services, made it an object of veneration throughout the land, and pilgrims from the farthest corners of anahuac came to offer up their devotions at the shrine of quetzalcoatl.[197] the number of these was so great as to give an air of mendicity to the motley population of the city; and cortés, struck with the novelty, tells us that he saw multitudes of beggars, such as are to be found in the enlightened capitals of europe;[198]—a whimsical criterion of civilization, which must place our own prosperous land somewhat low in the scale.

cholula was not the resort only of the indigent devotee. many of the kindred races had temples of their own in the city, in the same manner as some christian nations have in rome, and each temple{186} was provided with its own peculiar ministers for the service of the deity to whom it was consecrated. in no city was there seen such a concourse of priests, so many processions, such pomp of ceremonial, sacrifice, and religious festivals. cholula was, in short, what mecca is among mahometans, or jerusalem among christians; it was the holy city of anahuac.[199]{*}

{*} [cholula was not a “holy city” or pilgrim resort for other tribes. “it suffices to recall the state of intertribal warfare which prevailed in aboriginal mexico to establish the utter fallacy of this pretension.... even the pre?minence which quetzalcohuatl, the chief idol of cholula, is said to have enjoyed over the whole of central mexico is vigorously denied by the indians of tlascala and of the mexican valley itself.” cholula was a great mart of trade and crowds flocked to it because of that fact. outside indians were accustomed to bring presents to its chief idol. see bandelier, arch. tour, pp. 168, 169.—m.]

the religious rites were not performed, however, in the pure spirit originally prescribed by its tutelary deity. his altars, as well as those of the numerous aztec gods, were stained with human blood; and six thousand victims are said to have been annually offered up at their sanguinary shrines![200] the great number of these may be estimated from the declaration of cortés that he counted four hundred towers in the city;[201] yet no temple had more than two, many only one. high above the rest rose the great “pyramid of cholula,” with its undying fires flinging their radiance{187} far and wide over the capital, and proclaiming to the nations that there was the mystic worship—alas! how corrupted by cruelty and superstition!—of the good deity who was one day to return and resume his empire over the land.

nothing could be more grand than the view which met the eye from the area on the truncated summit of the pyramid. towards the west stretched that bold barrier of porphyritic rock which nature has reared around the valley of mexico, with the huge popocatepetl and iztaccihuatl standing like two colossal sentinels to guard the entrance to the enchanted region. far away to the east was seen the conical head of orizaba soaring high into the clouds and nearer, the barren though beautifully-shaped sierra de la malinche, throwing its broad shadows over the plains of tlascala. three of these are volcanoes higher than the highest mountain-peak in europe, and shrouded in snows which never melt under the fierce sun of the tropics. at the foot of the spectator{*} lay the sacred city of cholula, with its bright towers and pinnacles sparkling in the sun, reposing amidst gardens and verdant groves, which then thickly studded the cultivated environs of the capi{188}tal. such was the magnificent prospect which met the gaze of the conquerors, and may still, with slight change, meet that of the modern traveller, as from the platform of the great pyramid his eye wanders over the fairest portion of the beautiful plateau of puebla.[202]

{*} [bandelier (gilded man, p. 259) shows that the spectator who stood on the “truncated summit of the pyramid” was standing upon a structure which had long been in ruins, and which was covered with bushes when cortés passed through the country. on the summit was a “little ancient temple.” there was no trace of a large building, and the pyramid looked so much like a wooded hill that the conquerors regarded it as a natural elevation. no pinnacles sparkled in the sun, because the architecture of the natives did not include those features. the houses were for the most part only one story high, and were whitewashed.—m.]

but it is time to return to tlascala. on the appointed morning the spanish army took up its march to mexico by the way of cholula. it was followed by crowds of the citizens, filled with admiration at the intrepidity of men who, so few in number, would venture to brave the great montezuma in his capital. yet an immense body of warriors offered to share the dangers of the expedition; but cortés, while he showed his gratitude for their good will, selected only six thousand of the volunteers to bear him company.[203] he was{189} unwilling to encumber himself with an unwieldy force that might impede his movements, and probably did not care to put himself so far in the power of allies whose attachment was too recent to afford sufficient guarantee for their fidelity.

after crossing some rough and hilly ground, the army entered on the wide plain which spreads out for miles around cholula. at the elevation of more than six thousand feet above the sea, they beheld the rich products of various climes growing side by side, fields of towering maize, the juicy aloe, the chilli or aztec pepper, and large plantations of the cactus, on which the brilliant cochineal is nourished. not a rood of land but was under cultivation;[204] and the soil—an uncommon thing on the table-land—was irrigated by numerous streams and canals, and well shaded by woods, that have disappeared before the rude axe of the spaniards. towards evening they reached a small stream, on the banks of which cortés determined to take up his quarters for the night, being unwilling to disturb the tranquillity of the city by introducing so large a force into it at an unseasonable hour.

here he was soon joined by a number of cholulan caciques and their attendants, who came to view and welcome the strangers. when they saw{190} their tlascalan enemies in the camp, however, they exhibited signs of displeasure, and intimated an apprehension that their presence in the town might occasion disorder. the remonstrance seemed reasonable to cortés, and he accordingly commanded his allies to remain in their present quarters, and to join him as he left the city on the way to mexico.

on the following morning he made his entrance at the head of his army into cholula, attended by no other indians than those from cempoalla, and a handful of tlascalans, to take charge of the baggage. his allies, at parting, gave him many cautions respecting the people he was to visit, who, while they affected to despise them as a nation of traders, employed the dangerous arms of perfidy and cunning. as the troops drew near the city, the road was lined with swarms of people of both sexes and every age, old men tottering with infirmity, women with children in their arms, all eager to catch a glimpse of the strangers, whose persons, weapons, and horses were objects of intense curiosity to eyes which had not hitherto ever encountered them in battle. the spaniards, in turn, were filled with admiration at the aspect of the cholulans, much superior in dress and general appearance to the nations they had hitherto seen. they were particularly struck with the costume of the higher classes, who wore fine embroidered mantles, resembling the graceful albornoz, or moorish cloak, in their texture and fashion.[205] they showed{191} the same delicate taste for flowers as the other tribes of the plateau, decorating their persons with them, and tossing garlands and bunches among the soldiers. an immense number of priests mingled with the crowd, swinging their aromatic censers, while music from various kinds of instruments gave a lively welcome to the visitors, and made the whole scene one of gay, bewildering enchantment. if it did not have the air of a triumphal procession so much as at tlascala, where the melody of instruments was drowned by the shouts of the multitude, it gave a quiet assurance of hospitality and friendly feeling not less grateful.

the spaniards were also struck with the cleanliness of the city, the width and great regularity of the streets, which seemed to have been laid out on a settled plan, with the solidity of the houses, and the number and size of the pyramidal temples.{*} in the court of one of these, and its surrounding buildings, they were quartered.[206]

{*} [“according to tradition cortés was lodged in the present southwestern quarter of the city, which is now called santa maria tecpan, the tecpan being the communal house where strange visitors were received. in the middle of the quarter there still stands, in the calle-de-herreros, an ancient portal, with the inscription in the nahuatl language and latin letters, ‘here stood the tecpan, where now is the house of antonio de la cruz.’” bandelier, gilded man, p. 272.—m.]{192}

they were soon visited by the principal lords of the place, who seemed solicitous to provide them with accommodations. their table was plentifully supplied, and, in short, they experienced such attentions as were calculated to dissipate their suspicions, and made them impute those of their tlascalan friends to prejudice and old national hostility.

in a few days the scene changed. messengers arrived from montezuma, who, after a short and unpleasant intimation to cortés that his approach occasioned much disquietude to their master, conferred separately with the mexican ambassadors still in the castilian camp, and then departed, taking one of the latter along with them. from this time the deportment of their cholulan hosts underwent a visible alteration. they did not visit the quarters as before, and, when invited to do so, excused themselves on pretence of illness. the supply of provisions was stinted, on the ground that they were short of maize. these symptoms of alienation, independently of temporary embarrassment, caused serious alarm in the breast of cortés, for the future. his apprehensions were not allayed by the reports of the cempoallans, who told him that in wandering round the city they had{193} seen several streets barricadoed, the azoteas, or flat roofs of the houses, loaded with huge stones and other missiles,{*} as if preparatory to an assault, and in some places they had found holes covered over with branches, and upright stakes planted within, as if to embarrass the movements of the cavalry.[207] some tlascalans coming in, also, from their camp, informed the general that a great sacrifice, mostly of children, had been offered up in a distant quarter of the town, to propitiate the favor of the gods, apparently for some intended enterprise. they added that they had seen numbers of the citizens leaving the city with their women and children, as if to remove them to a place of safety. these tidings confirmed the worst suspicions of cortés, who had no doubt that some hostile scheme was in agitation. if he had felt any, a discovery by marina, the good angel of the expedition, would have turned these doubts into certainty.

{*} [but there were always heaps of stones and other missiles kept for defence on the flat roofs of the houses in the unwalled cities.—m.]

the amiable manners of the indian girl had won her the regard of the wife of one of the caciques, who repeatedly urged marina to visit her house, darkly intimating that in this way she would escape the fate that awaited the spaniards. the interpreter, seeing the importance of obtaining further{194} intelligence at once, pretended to be pleased with the proposal, and affected, at the same time, great discontent with the white men, by whom she was detained in captivity. thus throwing the credulous cholulan off her guard, marina gradually insinuated herself into her confidence, so far as to draw from her a full account of the conspiracy.

it originated, she said, with the aztec emperor, who had sent rich bribes to the great caciques, and to her husband among others, to secure them in his views. the spaniards were to be assaulted as they marched out of the capital, when entangled in its streets, in which numerous impediments had been placed to throw the cavalry into disorder. a force of twenty thousand mexicans was already quartered at no great distance from the city, to support the cholulans in the assault. it was confidently expected that the spaniards, thus embarrassed in their movements, would fall an easy prey to the superior strength of their enemy. a sufficient number of prisoners was to be reserved to grace the sacrifices of cholula; the rest were to be led in fetters to the capital of montezuma.

while this conversation was going on, marina occupied herself with putting up such articles of value and wearing apparel as she proposed to take with her in the evening, when she could escape unnoticed from the spanish quarters to the house of her cholulan friend, who assisted her in the operation. leaving her visitor thus employed, marina found an opportunity to steal away for a few moments, and, going to the general’s apartment, disclosed to him her discoveries. he immediately{195} caused the cacique’s wife to be seized, and, on examination, she fully confirmed the statement of his indian mistress.

the intelligence thus gathered by cortés filled him with the deepest alarm. he was fairly taken in the snare. to fight or to fly seemed equally difficult. he was in a city of enemies, where every house might be converted into a fortress, and where such embarrassments were thrown in the way as might render the man?uvres of his artillery and horse nearly impracticable. in addition to the wily cholulans, he must cope, under all these disadvantages, with the redoubtable warriors of mexico. he was like a traveller who has lost his way in the darkness among precipices, where any step may dash him to pieces, and where to retreat or to advance is equally perilous.

he was desirous to obtain still further confirmation and particulars of the conspiracy. he accordingly induced two of the priests in the neighborhood, one of them a person of much influence in the place, to visit his quarters. by courteous treatment, and liberal largesses of the rich presents he had received from montezuma,—thus turning his own gifts against the giver,—he drew from them a full confirmation of the previous report. the emperor had been in a state of pitiable vacillation since the arrival of the spaniards. his first orders to the cholulans were to receive the strangers kindly. he had recently consulted his oracles anew, and obtained for answer that cholula would be the grave of his enemies; for the gods would be sure to support him in avenging the sacrilege of{196}fered to the holy city. so confident were the aztecs of success, that numerous manacles, or poles with thongs which served as such, were already in the place to secure the prisoners.

cortés, now feeling himself fully possessed of the facts, dismissed the priests, with injunctions of secrecy, scarcely necessary. he told them it was his purpose to leave the city on the following morning, and requested that they would induce some of the principal caciques to grant him an interview in his quarters. he then summoned a council of his officers, though, as it seems, already determined as to the course he was to take.

the members of the council were differently affected by the startling intelligence, according to their different characters. the more timid, disheartened by the prospect of obstacles which seemed to multiply as they drew nearer the mexican capital, were for retracing their steps and seeking shelter in the friendly city of tlascala. others, more persevering, but prudent, were for taking the more northerly route, originally recommended by their allies. the greater part supported the general, who was ever of opinion that they had no alternative but to advance. retreat would be ruin. half-way measures were scarcely better, and would infer a timidity which must discredit them with both friend and foe. their true policy was to rely on themselves,—to strike such a blow as should intimidate their enemies and show them that the spaniards were as incapable of being circumvented by artifice as of being crushed by weight of numbers and courage in the open field.{197}

when the caciques, persuaded by the priests, appeared before cortés, he contented himself with gently rebuking their want of hospitality, and assured them the spaniards would be no longer a burden to their city, as he proposed to leave it early on the following morning. he requested, moreover, that they would furnish a reinforcement of two thousand men to transport his artillery and baggage. the chiefs, after some consultation, acquiesced in a demand which might in some measure favor their own designs.

on their departure, the general summoned the aztec ambassadors before him. he briefly acquainted them with his detection of the treacherous plot to destroy his army, the contrivance of which, he said, was imputed to their master, montezuma. it grieved him much, he added, to find the emperor implicated in so nefarious a scheme, and that the spaniards must now march as enemies against the prince whom they had hoped to visit as a friend.

the ambassadors, with earnest protestations, asserted their entire ignorance of the conspiracy, and their belief that montezuma was equally innocent of a crime which they charged wholly on the cholulans. it was clearly the policy of cortés to keep on good terms with the indian monarch, to profit as long as possible by his good offices, and to avail himself of his fancied security—such feelings of security as the general could inspire him with—to cover his own future operations. he affected to give credit, therefore, to the assertion of the envoys, and declared his unwillingness to be{198}lieve that a monarch who had rendered the spaniards so many friendly offices would now consummate the whole by a deed of such unparalleled baseness. the discovery of their twofold duplicity, he added, sharpened his resentment against the cholulans, on whom he would take such vengeance as should amply requite the injuries done both to montezuma and the spaniards. he then dismissed the ambassadors, taking care, notwithstanding this show of confidence, to place a strong guard over them, to prevent communication with the citizens.[208]

that night was one of deep anxiety to the army. the ground they stood on seemed loosening beneath their feet, and any moment might be the one marked for their destruction. their vigilant general took all possible precautions for their safety, increasing the number of the sentinels, and posting his guns in such a manner as to protect the approaches to the camp. his eyes, it may well be believed, did not close during the night. indeed, every spaniard lay down in his arms, and every horse stood saddled and bridled, ready for instant service. but no assault was meditated by the indians, and the stillness of the hour was undisturbed except by the occasional sounds, heard in a populous city, even when buried in slumber, and by the hoarse cries of the priests from the turrets of the{199} teocallis, proclaiming through their trumpets the watches of the night.