the formation of the black watch

let the ancient hills of scotland

hear once more the battle-song

swell within their glens and valleys

as the clansmen march along!

the highland regiments have always enjoyed a world-wide popularity quite apart from the quality of their achievements. this popularity is due to the appeal of imagination and romance. the spectacle of a highland regiment, its pipes playing, and the kilts swinging file by file, recalls the old days when the clans rose for the stuarts. the highland dress is not only linked for all time with lucknow, balaclava, and quatre bras, but, stepping farther backward, with culloden, killiecrankie, and glencoe. people unacquainted with uniforms find a difficulty in recognising certain english line regiments whose records are the glory of our military history. but the highlander, beyond his distinctive regiment, carries in the memories aroused a passport to popular favour.

fortunately the highland regiments have earned by more than glamour the admiration of britain. in campaigns extending over the last hundred and fifty odd years the highlanders have borne their share of the fighting, and whenever the call has come have proved themselves ‘second to none.’

it was in the eighteenth century that the jacobites rose for the last time against the king of england, and whatever the rights or wrongs of the rebellion, the loyalty and bravery of the clans will for ever remain undimmed by time. loyalty may make mistakes, but it is none the less noble for that, and when the ‘45 was over it was the sons of the men who died for prince charlie who were ready to fight for king george.

it is most important to understand, no matter how simply, the broad characteristics of the clan system, an established order of things that, in mid-eighteenth century times, the government considered most dangerous to the peace of england. their reason for thinking so is not hard to seek. instead of a peaceful, pastoral country, the highlands were an armed camp. in the twentieth century, when strong active men are needed so badly, such an organisation would have been of the greatest value; then it was rightly regarded as a menace both to the lowlands and to the english throne.

the clan was composed of a large or sometimes comparatively small number of people bearing the same name, and sworn to obey the chief, whose word was absolute, and whose greatest ambition was the number of swords he could summon to his side.

the highlander took little interest in tilling or reaping. he left that chiefly to the women. his bearing and instincts were those of a gentleman, while his ruling desire was to engage in fighting. he was proud, indolent, but faithful to the death. the chiefs, who dreaded the loss of their power more than anything else, and were not so blind as to believe that progress could be indefinitely defied, rose for the cause of the stuarts with the gambler’s hope that the old days might remain a little longer.

every one knows how the clans rallied to the standard of prince charlie, of their march into england, and of their defeat by the duke of cumberland, who was the prince’s cousin.

the battle of culloden was to seal the doom of the clan system, and to prepare the way for the history of the highland regiments. it was pitt who ‘sought for merit’ in the wild mountains of scotland, and no finer recruiting ground could have been discovered. the highlander was distinguished for his loyalty, his bravery, and his conservatism. war and hunting were his employment, but underneath his fiery temperament lay a deep vein of self-sacrifice and poetry. that none of those poor people gave up their prince for gold is wonderful enough. that they never forgot him is more precious than all the treasures in the world.

the love of the celt for the place of his birth provided one of the most tragic periods in our history. emigration, ruin, and the end of the clan system inspired some of the most beautiful and moving songs in our language. the point, therefore, that must be emphasised at the moment is the poetic temperament of the gael, his love of romance, of old tales, of old times, of bravery, of loyalty, and of leading an active life.

it was just through this love of adventure that cattle-raiding continued during the first half of the eighteenth century, and that is why people on the border line paid ‘blackmail.’ in modern life one of the most valuable resolves to make is never, under any circumstances, to pay blackmail; never, that is, to allow freedom of action or will to pass into the hands of another person. payment of blackmail once, invariably means payment for always. but in the highlands there was no such ignominy attached to the word. blackmail carried with it protection from theft, not shelter from disgrace. it was paid in much the same way as a citizen pays the government taxes to provide policemen to guard his house. from the year 1725 onwards law-abiding people in the highlands congratulated themselves, in all good faith, upon the excellent work that certain newly raised companies of government militia were doing in keeping the district quiet. these companies were called the ‘black watch,’ partly because of their dark tartan, partly owing to the nature of their duties.

chief

a highland chief

let us see what kind of corps this was. with the hope that some display of authority would quell the simmering spirit of revolt in the highlands, the government, at the suggestion of an ardent hanoverian, decided in the year 1725 to raise a local force officered by highland gentry. it was an insignificant body at first, but from time to time further companies were added, until in the year 1740 it was embodied under the number of the 43rd, to be changed some years later to the 42nd. in this fashion, and simply as a vigilance corps, the ‘black watch,’ a regiment that has carved its name upon the tablets of history and romance, came to be formed.

it may seem strange that the marauding habits of the clansmen should have come so admirably beneath the discipline of the army. the secret is not far to seek. the qualities that bound the clansmen to the chief were simply transferred to the new regime. no finer, simpler, more powerful tribute to these qualities could be found than in the words of general stewart of garth, written a century ago, but not without force at the present time:

“in forming his military character, the highlander was not more favoured by nature than by the social system under which he lived. nursed in poverty, he acquired a hardiness which enabled him to sustain severe privations. as the simplicity of his life gave vigour to his body, so it fortified his mind. possessing a frame and constitution thus hardened, he was taught to consider courage as the most honourable virtue, cowardice the most disgraceful failing; to venerate and obey his chief, and to devote himself for his native country and clan, and thus prepared to be a soldier he was ready wherever honour and duty called him. with such principles, and regarding any disgrace he might bring on his clan and district as the most cruel misfortune, the highland private soldier had a peculiar motive to exertion. the common soldier of many other countries has scarcely any other stimulus to the performance of his duty than the fear of chastisement, or the habit of mechanical obedience to command, produced by the discipline by which he has been trained.... the german soldier considers himself as part of the military machine, and duly marked out in the orders of the day. he moves onward to his destination with a well-trained pace, and with his phlegmatic indifference to the result as a labourer who works for his daily hire. the courage of the french soldier is supported in the hour of trial by his high notions of the point of honour, but this display of spirit is not always steady: neither french nor german is confident in himself if an enemy gain his flank or rear. a highland soldier faces his enemy whether in front, rear, or flank, and if he has confidence in his commander it may be predicted with certainty that he will be victorious, or die on the ground which he maintains.”[1]

after the ‘45, when the last dream of the marauders was for ever shattered, the highlands, possessing such unequalled military qualities of physique and imagination, were to prove a magnificent recruiting ground for the british army. not only the black watch but many other regiments were raised for the government, and the military spirit was, by the genius of pitt, guided into legitimate and honourable warfare.

the battle honours of the black watch (royal highlanders)

guadeloupe, 1759; martinique, 1762; havannah; north america, 1763-1764; mysore, mangalore, seringapatam, corunna, busaco, fuentes de o?oro, pyrenees, nivelle, nive, orthez, toulouse, peninsula, waterloo; south africa, 1846-1847, 1851-1853; alma, sevastopol, lucknow, ashanti; egypt, 1882-1884; tel-el-kebir; nile, 1884-1885; kirbekan; south africa, 1899-1902; paardeberg.