there was another way, old mike explained, in which the miner was at the mercy of others; this was the matter of stealing cars. each miner had brass checks with his number on them, and when he sent up a loaded car, he hung one of these checks on a hook inside. in the course of the long journey to the tipple, some one would change the check, and the car was gone. in some mines, the number was put on the car with chalk; and how easy it was for some one to rub it out and change it! it appeared to hal that it would have been a simple matter to put a number padlock on the car, instead of a check; but such an equipment would have cost the company one or two hundred dollars, he was told, and so the stealing went on year after year.

“you think it's the bosses steal these cars?” asked hal.

“sometimes bosses, sometimes bosses' friend—sometimes company himself steal them from miners.” in north valley it was the company, the old slovak insisted. it was no use sending up more than six cars in one day, he declared; you could never get credit for more than six. nor was it worth while loading more than a ton on a car; they did not really weigh the cars, the boss just ran them quickly over the scales, and had orders not to go above a certain average. mike told of an italian who had loaded a car for a test, so high that he could barely pass it under the roof of the entry, and went up on the tipple and saw it weighed himself, and it was sixty-five hundred pounds. they gave him thirty-five hundred, and when he started to fight, they arrested him. mike had not seen him arrested, but when he had come out of the mine, the man was gone, and nobody ever saw him again. after that they put a door onto the weigh-room, so that no one could see the scales.

the more hal listened to the men and reflected upon these things, the more he came to see that the miner was a contractor who had no opportunity to determine the size of the contract before he took it on, nor afterwards to determine how much work he had done. more than that, he was obliged to use supplies, over the price and measurements of which he had no control. he used powder, and would find himself docked at the end of the month for a certain quantity, and if the quantity was wrong, he would have no redress. he was charged a certain sum for “black-smithing”—the keeping of his tools in order; and he would find a dollar or two deducted from his account each month, even though he had not been near the blacksmith shop.

let any business-man in the world consider the proposition, thought hal, and say if he would take a contract upon such terms! would a man undertake to build a dam, for example, with no chance to measure the ground in advance, nor any way of determining how many cubic yards of concrete he had to put in? would a grocer sell to a customer who proposed to come into the store and do his own weighing—and meantime locking the grocer outside? merely to put such questions was to show the preposterousness of the thing; yet in this district were fifteen thousand men working on precisely such terms.

under the state law, the miner had a right to demand a check-weighman to protect his interest at the scales, paying this check-weighman's wages out of his own earnings. whenever there was any public criticism about conditions in the coal-mines, this law would be triumphantly cited by the operators; and one had to have actual experience in order to realise what a bitter mockery this was to the miner.

in the dining-room hal sat next to a fair-haired swedish giant named johannson, who loaded timbers ten hours a day. this fellow was one who indulged in the luxury of speaking his mind, because he had youth and huge muscles, and no family to tie him down. he was what is called a “blanket-stiff,” wandering from mine to harvest-field and from harvest-field to lumber-camp. some one broached the subject of check-weighmen to him, and the whole table heard his scornful laugh. let any man ask for a check-weighman!

“you mean they would fire him?” asked hal.

“maybe!” was the answer. “maybe they make him fire himself.”

“how do you mean?”

“they make his life one damn misery till he go.”

so it was with check-weighman—as with scrip, and with company stores, and with all the provisions of the law to protect the miner against accidents. you might demand your legal rights, but if you did, it was a matter of the boss's temper. he might make your life one damn misery till you went of your own accord. or you might get a string of curses and an order, “down the canyon!”—and likely as not the toe of a boot in your trouser-seat, or the muzzle of a revolver under your nose.