during the past twenty years the foreign trade of argentina and uruguay (especially that of the former country) has developed very largely and rapidly; its increase during the decade 1904-1913 being, in the case of argentina, 108?% and in that of uruguay 104%. the increase in both cases is considerably greater than that of the trade of any other south american country; as will be seen from the following figures:—
$
argentina. 1913 996,215,998
1904 477,985,737
gold 518,230,261 108·5% increase.
uruguay. 1913 119,500,000
1904 58,481,343
uruguayan 61,018,657 104% ”
chile. 1913 725,828,254
1904 370,149,864
chilian 355,678,390 94·5% ”
brazil. 1913 1,976,733,388
1904 1,288,955,306
milreis 687,778,082 54% ”
the figure $996,215,998 gold if divided by 7,731,257, representing the population of argentina, gives $129 gold, or ￡25 11s. 10d., value of trade per inhabitant of that country; a very high figure indeed. the value of the trade of uruguay per head of her population is ￡21 3s. 6d.
in 1913 argentina alone provided the markets of the[128] united kingdom with cereals and meat to the value of ￡34,500,000 of a total of ￡92,300,000, or nearly 37?% of its total supplies. during the same year uruguay sent meat to the united kingdom to the value of some ￡202,000 sterling.
united kingdom imports in 1913
wheat ￡ ￡
1. from united states 13,953,072
2. ” canada 8,803,949
3. ” british east indies 7,998,552
4. ” argentine republic 6,149,195
5. ” australia 4,426,629
6. ” russia 1,984,964
” other countries 544,539 43,860,900
maize
1. from argentine republic 10,851,874
2. ” united states 1,923,321
3. ” russia 489,993
4. ” roumania 286,600
5. ” canada 64,773
” other countries 153,781 13,770,342
linseed
1. from argentine republic 2,398,629
2. ” british east indies 1,564,428
3. ” russia 228,167
4. ” united states 98,366
” other countries 2,905,803 7,195,393
chilled and frozen meat
1. from argentine republic 12,815,002
2. ” australia 2,133,951
3. ” uruguay 706,816
4. ” new zealand 393,429
5. ” united states 3,119
” other countries 11,914 16,064,231
frozen mutton
1. from new zealand 4,965,310
2. ” australia 3,128,439
3. ” argentine republic 1,908,255
4. ” uruguay 303,528
” other countries 293,133 10,598,665
sundry meats frozen
1. from argentine republic 455,561
2. ” united states 155,966
” other countries 216,526 828,053
total 92,317,584
the value of the u.k. imports from argentine and uruguay was considerably increased during 1915.
[129]
in 1913 values of the exports of the united kingdom to the four most commercially important countries of south america were:—
￡ sterling.
to the argentine republic 23,430,246
” brazil 13,015,769
” chile 6,366,944
” uruguay 3,027,568
of the total value of the sales of the united kingdom in the whole of south america, argentina received 45%, amounting to ￡52,033,764 sterling.
positions held by argentina and uruguay respectively in the export trade of the united kingdom according to british official publications, 1913.
value of exports from great britain to: ￡
1 east indies 71,738,755
2 germany 60,573,457
3 united states 59,536,352
4 france 40,876,731
5 australasia 37,852,929
6 russia 27,705,660
7 canada 27,235,355
8 south africa 24,373,018
9 argentina 23,430,246
10 belgium 20,667,519
11 holland 20,605,137
12 italy 15,620,393
13 china 15,016,023
14 japan 14,837,948
15 brazil 13,015,769
16 new zealand 11,776,261
17 egypt 9,966,948
18 sweden 9,241,874
19 spain 8,655,196
20 turkey 7,992,712
21 west africa 7,166,222
22 norway 6,669,089
23 chile 6,366,946
24 denmark 6,340,773
25 austria-hungary 5,786,077
26 switzerland 5,106,764
27 portugal 3,935,802
28 uruguay 3,027,568
29 west indies 2,716,545
30 greece 2,597,227
31 mexico 2,549,265
32 east africa 1,443,859
33 costa rica 247,093
total including other countries ￡635,117,134
population. per
capita ￡
1 new zealand 1,028,160 11·45
2 australasia 4,802,174 7·88
3 south africa 5,973,394 4·08
4 canada 7,758,000 3·51
5 holland 6,114,302 3·37
6 argentina 7,731,257 3·03
7 belgium 7,571,387 2·73
8 norway 2,437,646 2·73
9 uruguay 1,112,000 2·72
10 denmark 2,775,076 2·29
11 chile 3,505,317 1·90
12 sweden 5,638,583 1·62
13 west indies 1,709,732 1·59
14 switzerland 3,781,430 1·30
15 france 39,601,509 1·03
16 greece 2,666,000 0·97
17 germany 64,925,993 0·93
18 egypt 11,287,359 0·88
19 portugal 5,960,056 0·66
20 united states 91,972,266 0·65
21 costa rica 388,266 0·63
22 brazil 23,070,969 0·55
23 east africa 2,651,892 0·54
24 italy 34,671,377 0·45
25 spain 19,639,000 0·44
26 turkey 21,273,900 0·38
27 west africa 20,176,635 0·35
28 japan 52,985,423 0·28
29 east indies 315,156,396 0·23
30 russia 171,059,900 0·16
31 mexico 15,063,207 0·16
32 austria-hungary 49,458,421 0·12
33 china 320,650,000 0·05
[130]
during the five years 1908-1912 48?% of the whole maize imported by the united kingdom came from argentina; or only a little less than the total quantity of that imported from the united states, roumania, russia, india, natal, canada, bulgaria and the cape of good hope.
in respect of the total issue of capital in the united kingdom during the first six months of 1914, argentina ranked first (with ￡12,809,200 as against ￡12,244,100 which went to russia) among the foreign countries for which such issues were destined; and third if british possessions are included in the comparison.
1913
the trade of the united states of america with the republics of south america is shown in the following tables compiled from american official statistics
imports
—
american
dollars exports
—
american
dollars balance of trade
in favour of
u.s.a.
american
dollars against
u.s.a.
american
dollars
argentine republic 26,863,732 52,894,834 26,031,102 —
uruguay 2,450,697 7,522,145 5,071,448 —
guiana (british) 105,933 1,813,745 1,707,812 —
bolivia 350 940,744 940,394 —
guiana (french) 86,386 337,714 251,328 —
paraguay 58,285 187,867 129,582 —
falkland islands — 725 725 —
brazil 120,155,855 42,638,467 — 77,517,388
chile 27,655,420 16,076,763 — 11,578,657
columbia 15,992,321 7,397,696 — 8,594,625
venezuela 10,852,331 5,737,118 — 5,115,213
peru 9,666,579 7,341,903 — 2,324,676
ecuador 3,037,689 2,553,785 — 483,904
guiana (dutch) 821,460 704,487 — 116,973
217,747,038 146,147,993 34,132,391 105,731,436
[131]
value of merchandise exported from the united states to the republics of south america in the year 1913, showing the importance of the argentine market
to the argentine republic — $52,894,834
” brazil $42,638,467
” uruguay 7,522,145
” ecuador 2,553,785
” paraguay 187,867 52,902,264
” chile 16,076,763
” columbia 7,397,696
” peru 7,341,903
” venezuela 5,737,118
” guiana (british) 1,813,745
” bolivia 940,744
” guiana (dutch) 704,487
” guiana (french) 337,714
” falkland islands 725 40,350,895
total value of sales to south america. dollars 146,147,993
the argentine republic received 36·2% of total.
argentina and brazil divide practically between them the south american export trade of the united states, argentina taking by far the larger share, and well over one-third of the whole received by all the south american countries put together. the value of the argentine imports from the united states in 1913 amounted to $52,894,834 (u.s.a.), while uruguay took u.s.a. goods to the value of $6,531,626 (u.s.a.).
argentine imports from europe, 1913
during the year 1913 the argentine republic purchased in europe the following amounts:—
$ gold.
in the united kingdom 130,886,587
” germany 71,311,628
” france 38,075,811
” italy 34,789,741
” belgium 21,953,910
” spain 12,389,607
[132]” austria-hungary 5,933,444
” holland 4,074,104
” sweden 3,123,889
” switzerland 2,749,682
” portugal 585,975
” russia 447,845
” denmark 204,106
” turkey 127,026
” roumania, bulgaria and greece 119,989
￡64,835,981 = gold $326,773,344
purchased in other
parts of the world ￡18,765,714 = ” $94,579,199
total ￡83,601,695 = ” $421,352,543
where will these purchases be made in the future?
gold (argentina)
years. imports. exports. balance.
1904 24,917,951 1,604,292 23,313,659
1905 32,559,540 819,375 31,740,165
1906 18,212,323 1,545,622 16,666,701
1907 23,552,726 3,133,886 20,418,840
1908 28,651,215 44,817 28,606,398
1909 67,453,816 1,247,831 66,205,985
1910 37,027,936 1,669,892 35,358,044
1911 12,764,236 3,008,597 9,755,639
1912 36,077,807 585,621 35,492,186
1913 47,941,425 43,417,484 4,523,941
$ gold 329,158,975 57,077,417 272,081,558
= ￡65,309,320 11,324,884 53,984,436
it is regrettable, from several points of view, that the national statistics of uruguay are not kept and published with the same promptitude and regularity as those of argentina, to say nothing of the admirable clearness of the forms in which the latter are issued. the uruguayan authorities should really know that the absence of any complete scheme of statistical information regarding their country is more than apt to preserve a very common though erroneous impression that uruguay can be of but little account since so little is known or heard of it. little indeed is known with any accuracy of its production, outside the circle of persons directly interested in its trade; but this obscurity is due only to indifference to and negligence of the art of self-assertion.
[133]
international trade of argentina, brazil, chile, and uruguay
[134]
in point of fact uruguay might well be proud of the[135] statistics of her productivity; for, in reality, she has more cattle than and nearly as many sheep as the argentine province of buenos aires while her superficial area is only some two-thirds of that of that province. uruguay exports wool to the average value of some ￡4,000,000, hides ￡1,500,000, frozen and chilled meat ￡1,110,000, and animals on the hoof ￡230,000 annually. the value of its wheat exports for the five years ending 1910 has been stated at ￡730,000; flour ￡234,000, maize ￡82,000 and linseed ￡460,000 during the same period. as we have seen, the value of uruguayan trade for the year 1913 was ￡23,900,000, and this figure, as well as those representing cereal production and exports, are likely to be rapidly increased under normal conditions.
increase of argentine cereal exports in ten years
1904. $ gold. 1913. $ gold.
wheat 66,947,891 102,631,143
maize 44,391,196 112,292,394
linseed 28,359,923 49,910,201
oats 541,973 20,447,278
140,240,983 285,281,016
increase of argentine meat exports in twenty-nine years
1885. $ gold. 1913. $ gold.
live stock: cattle 2,345,313 6,848,830
” ” sheep 58,552 311,991
chilled and frozen beef 1,680 36,622,889
frozen mutton 75,323 3,674,206
sundry meats frozen — 910,311
” ”preserved — 1,257,391
extract of meat — 1,598,136
powdered meat — 1,097,566
preserved tongues — 131,952
condensed soup — 375,392
jerked beef 4,204,077 658,097
$ gold 6,684,945 53,486,761
=￡ 1,326,378 10,612,452
[136]
increase of total argentine exports in ten years
$ gold.
1904: total exports 264,157,525
1913: ” ” 483,504,547
increase 219,347,022
increase of total uruguayan exports in eight years
during 1905 $ (uruguayan) 30,774,247
” 1912 ” 51,000,000
increase, say, $20,226,000 = ￡4,303,000
wool constitutes about nine-tenths of the exports of uruguay.
up to and including 1907 the imports of uruguay were in excess of her exports. in 1908, however, the balance went the other way and is likely to remain there.
the excess of exports over imports in 1908 was valued at $2,840,206 (uruguayan) and in 1909 at $7,966,658. in 1912 the imports appear to have risen to $49,380,000 as against exports $51,000,000. probably these last figures are roughly accurate; but the last year for which any full official statistics appear to have been published was 1911.
as has already been seen, the chief countries of destination of argentine exports prior to the war were (generally in the following order): the united kingdom, germany, france, belgium, brazil, the united states, holland and italy. those of uruguay went chiefly to france, belgium, germany, argentina and the united kingdom. while argentina imported principally from the united kingdom, germany, the united states, france, italy, belgium and spain; and uruguay from the united kingdom, germany, the united states, france, italy, belgium and argentina.
the surplus of revenue over expenditure in both republics may appear to remain always so small as only just to have avoided conversion into deficits. it should, however, be recollected that these countries are constantly[137] engaged in carrying out public works which are necessary to the fuller development of their natural resources; such, for instance, as the very important new port works of buenos aires and montevideo and the great argentine systems of irrigation. were the excess of revenue greater it would still be spent, and wisely spent, on national public works and improvements; which are the best assurance of its future which either country could make.
an instance of the rapid commercial progress of the river plate countries is the fact that whereas in 1872 there were but four banks in argentina, in 1913 there were 143.
the latest (1914) commercial and industrial census of the city of buenos aires shows that the number of commercial (chiefly wholesale and retail trading) establishments in that city has increased from 17,985, as shown by the previous census of 1904, to 29,600—an increase of 65%—while the number of factories and manufacturing establishments which in 1904 was 8,877 was in 1914 11,132—an increase of 25%. the motive power employed in these last-mentioned establishments has increased during the same period from 19,458 h.p. to 194,411 h.p.—an increase of 900%—while the number of persons employed has increased 112%.
an amusing but characteristic note is struck by comparison of the figures representing the annual sales of flour and tobacco respectively, the former being nearly $48,000,000 (paper) and the latter nearly ￡44,000,000 (paper).
not such a great difference between the money spent in buenos aires on flour, much of which is exported, and on tobacco, which is all home consumed! another is that nearly 1% of the whole population of the city consists of medical men; brokers and commission agents (clubbed together and classed as professional men by the census) run them very close, with builders a good third, and the rest, in the sporting sense, nowhere.
[138]
most of the wholesale and retail traders are italians, spaniards and argentines, in this order; the italians being in both cases nearly three times and the spaniards nearly twice as numerous as the argentines. after them come french, russians (chiefly jewish), levantines and egyptians (locally known as “turcos”), uruguayans, german, british and other nationalities in commerce; and french, russians, levantines and egyptians, belgians, danes and portuguese and other nationalities as manufacturers.
a good many establishments of both classes are, however, shown to belong to argentines and foreigners in partnership.
it is due to the compilers of the census to remark that they have treated “jews” as pertaining to a separate nationality, though therefore there is possibly some confusion under the heading “russians.”