before i report here a significant conversation i had with a prince, the friend and former confidant of the czar, i would make an earnest appeal to the public opinion of europe, for which these lines are intended. i have conversed with many men of the highest rank in russia; i am indebted to them for most valuable information about the land of riddles, yet not a single interview was concluded without my informant asking me to withhold his name. only the prince whose views i report here said to me, "if you need my name to prove the credibility of the most incredible things i had to tell you, you may use it without compunction. possible suffering that may befall me because of this use of my name is of no consideration where the enlightenment of europe is concerned." on mature deliberation i have preferred, however, not to mention his name here. i thus renounce the weight of a name of european repute and of unparalleled authority. notwithstanding this, i still consider it necessary to ask public opinion of europe to watch with redoubled care the fate of the[pg 84] few persons who have been my informants. it would not be right for me to suppress this report, for i should thus act in direct opposition to the wishes of the noble-minded prince. neither could i disguise him entirely, since there are, after all, but few persons that could have made to me these disclosures on the helplessness of even the eminent patriots. and so i must resort to an appeal to the public opinion of europe with proper caution. it can protect the prince. for with all their wickedness the russian rulers still fear foreign public opinion. this and this alone has a certain influence on the czar. let it be exerted in behalf of a man of the greatest heroism, who makes appeal to it out of pure patriotism.

"does your highness think," i asked, in the interview i am about to report here, "that the discontent everywhere noticeable in all classes of society is real and of political significance?"

"we must make distinctions," answered the prince; "of its reality there is no doubt. but if you ask whether i consider it politically fruitful, in the same sense that we may gain through this discontent some necessary change in the present régime, i must answer, unfortunately, no."

"is this, then, only the chronic discontent present in western europe as well as in russia, or is it now acute?"

"it is acute. as you have justly observed, the west has its discontented element also; yet your[pg 85] western discontent with all work of man may best be compared with that frame of mind prevalent in our country, even under a régime that is normal and well-intentioned, lacking only efficiency. the restlessness that you, as a stranger, have noted here is quite abnormal, and is due to the decided wickedness, not to say infamy, of the existing system."

"then it is stronger than usual?"

"incomparably stronger. no entertainment however harmless, no scientific congress, no meeting of any corporation can take place that will not end in a political demonstration. all the prisons are filled with most worthy people, deportations and banishments increase, yet other men and women press onward to martyrdom."

"i admire this spirit of sacrifice in your intelligent classes."

"that is the difference between to-day and a few years ago. ten years ago our public opinion was weakened, resigned, crushed by the heavy hand of alexander iii. and the serpent wiles of pobydonostzev. with the accession to the throne of the present czar new hopes were awakened; but now, thanks to the executioners sipyagin and plehve, disappointment and exasperation have grown to such a vast extent that expression of them can no longer be repressed, and thousands risk life and liberty unable longer to bear this condition of grinding inward revolt."

[pg 86]

"i witnessed the funeral of mikhailovski. i must say that my ear detected revolutionary tones, and such a procession of five or six thousand men and women from among the highest classes, surrounded by cossacks, among a listening police, singing songs, making fiery, freedom-breathing speeches, impressed me of all things as a foreboding of revolution.

"arrests in plenty were made among the participants in the funeral celebration. but do not deceive yourself. there is no revolution with us. our country is too thinly populated. let us say that ten, fifty, or one hundred thousand inspired intellectuals would willingly sacrifice themselves if they could help us thereby; how many cossacks and gendarmes would there be for each revolutionist, when we are spending millions to maintain an army against the nation? there is only one revolution that can be really dangerous, and i will not assert that such a revolution could not break out if the present war should end disastrously. that would be a peasant revolution, directed, not against the régime itself, but against all property-owning and educated persons; it would begin by all of us being killed and thrown into the river. and the odds would be a hundred to one then that the police would not be actively against this revolution, but secretly would be for it, in order to rid themselves quickly and surely of their real antagonist, the educated classes. a kishinef may be arranged[pg 87] here at any day, not only against the jews, but against every one with whom the police wish to get even."

"then your highness believes that the kishinef massacres were arranged by the police?"

"this is not a mere belief; it is a proved fact. their real authors, krushevan and pronin, are the special protégés of plehve; and baron levendahl received a direct order from the higher authorities to refrain from any intervention."

"and what was the purpose of it?"

"to intimidate the jews, who, by their temperament, bring a little more life to the radical parties, and to create the impression in the higher circles that there is discontent in the country, not against the government, but against the usurious jews."

"and is not that true?"

"usury with us is carried on by good, orthodox christians much more successfully than by the jews, who are comparatively few in number, and, besides, do not enjoy the protection of the authorities. no; the mob massacres the jews because in the name of the czar they are proclaimed outlaws. it is a kind of annual picnic. the kishinef massacres are condemned by the whole country, not only by the philo-semites—to whom, by-the-way, i do not belong. it has showed to all of us what may be done in our land when an assumed purpose requires it. and for this reason the entire public opinion takes sides[pg 88] with the jews, who were merely intended to serve as scapegoats for the educated and the discontented."

"but in what respect is the present régime so essentially different from the preceding ones that such a fermentation could arise? surely the people have not been spoiled by anything better?"

"now it is worse than ever before. there is perhaps an explanation for this. czar nicholas is inspired by the best of motives. he is the first of the malcontents. he would give his heart's blood to help his people. the clique knows that, and is, therefore, risking everything on one card, to prevent the czar from drawing nearer to the people or creating institutions that would put an end to bureaucratic omnipotence. the terrors of revolution are painted on the wall, and the daily arrests are intended to prove that it is only the mailed fist of the present government that can curb a popular uprising."

"i know from sources near the czar's family that the czar is again finding threatening letters in his coat-pockets, under his pillow, and elsewhere."

"this is an old police trick. it was used to frighten alexander iii., and it almost drove him insane. naturally, it is only the police that can carry out such devices, for others could not reach the czar's room. but plehve retains his ascendency through the illusion that his dismissal would mean the way to the scaffold for the czar's family."

[pg 89]

"has the czar really anything to fear should the police relax its vigilance?"

"heaven forbid! the czar is a sort of deity to the people, and the educated classes know only too well that no man is less responsible for existing conditions than he, in whose name these conditions are inflicted upon us. but the czar is made to believe that every attempt to free public opinion from its fetters would lead to popular representation, to a constitution, and finally to the scaffold."

"and all that is done by plehve?"

"by him alone. his predecessor, sipyagin, was an honest, narrow reactionary, who regarded the state as the private property of the dynasty, something like a great estate with property in souls as well as in inanimate things. the nation has no more right to complain against the impositions of the master than the cattle on the estate to complain about the methods of feeding. plehve is of an entirely different caliber. a political cheat, an intriguer, an unscrupulous cynic, the playing on the key-board of power tickles his blunted nerves. he has as much conscience, sympathy, and humanity as my tiger here. his talent consists of cunning and the art of dealing with men. there is no one with whom he has exchanged three words that he has not lied to. his patriotic overzeal, however, as a non-russian—he naturally overdoes his patriotism—commends him to the 'camarilla,' and so he becomes omnipotent."

[pg 90]

"you say that plehve is not russian?"

"he is partly lettish, partly polish, partly jewish. men like this are always the worst here; they must see that their non-russian names are forgotten."

"and what do you mean by 'camarilla'?"

"the servile courtiers, the high officials, but above all, the entire system. do not forget that we are being ruled by a camorra of bureaucrats, that have no interest at all in the real welfare of the country, but have their primary interest in the uncurtailed maintenance of their power. if the czar wished to hear, to-day, the truth about the condition and sentiments of the country, he would never succeed, because they do not expose one another in the camorra; for there is only one god—the career with all its chances of legitimate and illegitimate gain."

"your highness, i must allow myself an indiscreet question. it is said that you are a friend of the czar. you are surely not the only one. you must have colleagues among the nobility, statesmen, and patriots who cannot be prevented from being heard by the emperor. are you not in a position to break through the iron ring of the bureaucrats, and to tell the czar the truth about the men who possess his confidence?"

"i appreciate your question. but what could single individuals do against the abuses of centuries? something is being done in the direction[pg 91] indicated by you. the czar receives, often enough, honest and unreserved statements. but a lasting effect from such occasional impulses is out of the question. moreover, one must know the spirit of the antechamber, the slanders and suspicions, the burden of routine. it would require the power of a hercules to escape from the net of these forces, and the czar is of a timid, modest, kindly nature. and how quickly is every suggestion or initiative paralyzed! and what influences cross one another at such a court! who is strong enough to oppose a grand vizier who works with unscrupulous falsification, and weaves about the sovereign an impenetrable fabric of false dangers by means of documentary calumnies and misstatements?"

"and so your highness can see no deliverance?"

"only when god in heaven shall decree it, not otherwise. we live between the anarchists in office and the anarchists with dagger and revolver. these are only active forces, the latter as the logical sequence of the former, and more than once their tools as well. all else is inactive, limited to dissipating demonstration. the fountain of public opinion is not tolerated; the organization of a progressive party is prevented; the system anxiously guards the people from any contact with the educated classes. there is no room for sentimentality in repelling every attempt to render the camorra harmless. an unguarded word, a simple denunciation, are sufficient to send honorable and respected[pg 92] men where they lose all desire for criticism. whence, then, can help come? and we need it, for the war places before us entirely new problems, that may be solved only by unshackling intelligence. but now our bankruptcy will become evident to all the world."

"and witte! has he no longer any influence?"

"none whatever. he is not a convenient and acceptable minister, for he has a statesman's ambition and political ideas. he could, perhaps, inaugurate a new system, but this is not allowed. in this country there rules only the ministry of the interior—that is, the secret police; the other departments are merely figure-heads."

"and a constitution would change nothing of this?"

"the liberals and radicals believe so, but i do not. i am of a different opinion. 'men and not measures,' is my motto, especially in an autocracy. you know my views on the war. i am convinced that our brave army will win. that will only mean a greater strengthening of the system, till the complete financial and economic, social and moral collapse, or till the first collision with a real power like the united states of america. i see no relief and no salvation, especially since foreign public opinion also forsakes us. we are fawned upon for political or commercial reasons. tell them abroad that we deserve something better than this contemptible, statesman-like reserve and these affected [pg 93]expressions of respect before a régime that we ourselves denounce without exception. we deserve honest sympathy, for no other nation has yet been made to struggle for its civilization against so pitiless an adversary. europe must further distinguish between the russian nation and this adversary. russian society is full of noble impulses; it is generous, warm-hearted, capable of inspiration, and free from odious prejudices. our common oppressor, the danger to the world's peace as well as the author of this unhappy war, i repeat it again, is the camorra of the officials, a thoroughly anarchistic class. i do not know, i must admit, when and how our release will come. i fear that we shall, ere that, pass through sad trials, and even more terrible misery of our flayed and hunger-enfeebled people, before heaven shall take pity on us."

i left the noble-minded prince with feelings that are usually awakened in us only by tragedy.