“hear a little further,

and i will bring thee to the present business

what’s now upon us; without the which this story

were most impertinent.”

the tempest.

“sydney, n.s.w.,

“march 10th, 1890.

“mr. richard shaw, te renga-renga, drury, new zealand.

"d

ear dick,—i have at last a few hours to myself, during which i can sit down quietly, here in my room, which overlooks the botanical gardens and ‘our beautiful harbour,’ and write to my relatives and friends.

“i was very glad to get your letter yesterday, and learn that you are all well up to date. as for myself, i am pretty well, thank you. after380 getting rid of the ophthalmic troubles which seized upon my eyes whilst i was lying ill in the fly-pestered north, i went to brisbane, where, of course, i got low fever. my trip to melbourne,—smelbourne the bulletin calls it, and rightly,—which is the dirtiest if the most go-ahead city in australia, however, set me up and fattened me, but also gave me typhoid fever. it was only a slight touch, however, and the return voyage to sydney has put me on my legs again.

“since last i wrote i have pretty well arranged all my affairs on this side of the water, and you may expect to see me in new zealand before very long. i may as well run over the chief items of interest that have eventuated since i last wrote, before setting forth for your edification the outline of the scheme that i shall probably adopt for carrying out my uncle’s idea of ameliorating the condition of the australian aborigines.

“in accordance with my uncle’s half-expressed wish, in the letter of instructions which i discovered at his grave, i have made my respected friend and adviser, mr. winze, a quarter proprietor in the marvellous ‘golden cliffs,’ and he has started for the north to superintend the erection of the chlorination plant at the mount, where already a small village has sprung up in the desert round the ‘doctor’s’ no longer lonely resting-place.

“glory is still staying with her friends in brisbane, and i am starting by to-morrow’s boat to interview her upon a very particular subject, the result of which confabulation i will communicate to the ‘mater’ next mail.

381

“i have gathered no information which tends to throw any fresh light upon the terrible occurrence at agate creek. i was so long laid on the shelf at the shepherd’s hut at borbong run that the perpetrators of the crime—if a crime was committed—upon the night of the storm had ample time to hide all traces of it. at any rate, when i revisited the site of the camp amongst the rocks, there was not the slightest indication of anything wrong having taken place there.

“giles’s body, as you know, was found, and so was morth’s. the latter, a police officer, was drowned trying to swim his horse across the creek after a fugitive black fellow. the former probably met with his death in a similar manner. i cannot think that giles intended to attack us, having, as i have ascertained, received my letter previously; besides there were too many witnesses about. i rather expect that giles and morth’s party mistook our camp for that of some myall natives. it is by no means the first time such a mistake has occurred in the colony. and cannot we see the finger of fate in all this? the sins of the father, giles, visited upon the child, my poor little friend don. i miss the little fellow tremendously.

“the people in the neighbourhood of murdaro keep very close about the affair, as all the powerful squatters round had a hand in the ‘rounding-up’ party that destroyed billy’s villager friends, and with little doubt our camp as well. it would be a very risky work to attempt an investigation. to tell the truth, also, i have not pushed for an inquiry into the matter for fear of something turning up that might prove an extra source of pain to glory, who has been fearfully 382 cut up, poor girl, as it is, with the double loss of her father—of whom she was very fond—and her brother, to whose return home she was looking forward with so much pleasure.

“glory is supposed to be under the impression that it was the flooded state of the creek that caused the loss of the père et fils; but i am afraid the poor girl has an inkling of the dreadful truth, or rather what i take to be the truth.

“miss lileth mundella, to whom i had the pleasure—to cut a long story short—of communicating the fact, which i learnt from certain papers i found at the grave, of her uncle giles having unjustly kept her out of a large share in murdaro run, has apparently already made good use of her new position as an heiress, for she writes to say she is about to marry a wealthy squatter near bourke.

“inspector puttis has therefore been jilted. nor is this the only misfortune that has befallen this gentleman,—who, although personally unknown to me, took a good deal of interest in your humble servant, as you are aware, some time since,—for he has, upon the ‘recommendation’ of the commissioner of police, resigned his commission in the black corps.

“mr. missionary feder, with whom i am in business communication, informs me that puttis’s late fiancée has probably been the cause of this energetic officer’s enforced withdrawal from public life.

“and now with regard to my uncle’s letter of instructions and scheme.

“it would seem from the papers which i discovered in the tin box addressed to me at the grave, that 383 my uncle dyesart was what is called a disappointed man, and that the lady who jilted him afterwards married giles and became the mother of glory. mrs. giles died in giving birth to little don, or rather george.

“i gather that the wild speculation or gambling—call it what you will—in mining concerns, that ultimately caused uncle to begin life again in the colonies, was the outcome of this disappointment. and that this, combined with a hope to be able to return my mother’s fortune, which had gone with the rest, had more to do with my uncle’s ceaseless wanderings, than any real belief in the wonderful golden hill that he had been told of by the dying miner. it was during these wanderings that my uncle was shocked with the treatment of the aborigines by the whites, and he has commissioned me, or rather desired me, which amounts to the same thing, to use a considerable part of the wealth thus suddenly placed in his hands for the amelioration of the condition of the australian blacks. dyesart had intended publishing a book upon this subject, and i quote the following from his mss. in order to show you a sample of his thoughts. after recounting a number of cases of cruelty that had come within his personal knowledge, he says:—

“‘after habitual crime, especially after that which involves cruelty, the human mind, so prison and other authorities say, loses that correcting sense of right and wrong which john stuart mill, and other experts in socialism, tell us is one of the foundation stones of a stable social system. this sense is as valuable—perhaps more so—than those of seeing, hearing,384 et cetera. taking it for granted that it is by the senses alone that we hold any communication with our fellows, it follows that any individual must have his mind impaired, as far as those particular senses of which he has become bereft are concerned. and that such an individual’s mind may not be further impaired by the privation of such sense or senses, arises only from his not endeavouring to reason about things concerning which that sense or those senses could alone give him information. he compares only what he perceives, and therefore continues to make comparisons which, however limited, are still correct. for example, there are not uncommon cases of men who, as regards colour, do not know green from red; or again, where taste is concerned, a much commoner case, cannot tell the difference between ’47 port and a poisonous concoction of logwood, sugar, and other ingredients. such defects or impairments are commonly discovered and avowed by the persons affected, and they rely on the judgment of others concerning those things of which they have themselves no accurate sense. a man could not assert, without fear of being judged insane, that green was red; and, following the same argument, can he say without undergoing a similar risk that a cruel, cowardly, or murderous action was either than what it is? if, however, his sense of right and wrong are missing, from hereditary taint or the benumbing influence of criminal companionship, he may possibly believe such actions to be commendable; but whilst in the society of sane persons, with minds of the usual capacity, he will hardly express his own contorted opinion—say, that taking pleasure in the slaughter of defenceless and385 healthy men, women, and children is an honourable action, and worthy of a brave and good citizen.’

“it is not so much the ultimate destruction of the aboriginal race, as it now exists, that my uncle seems to have hoped might be prevented, nor did he apparently deplore that such a thing should take place eventually. he says that a native race, in order to survive the changes wrought in its surroundings by the incoming of a foreign and superior civilization, must have within itself the power of being able to change its customs and mode of life, and of rapidly adapting itself to the new order of things. it must, in fact, be like that singular animal, the armadillo, of south america, which, having altered most of its habits since its native wilds have become the home of european settlers, has, so far from dying out, increased in number of late years.

“it would appear that my uncle doubted whether the australian aborigines possess this necessary power to any extent, although he mentions cases of blacks who have become useful colonists as farmers in n.s. wales and south australia.

“his two main arguments against the present attitude of the australian governments, as regards the native population, are, firstly, the great amount of harm that this rampant demon of cruelty and slavery is working upon the foundations of the growing national life of australia; and, secondly, the fearful waste of useful lives resulting from this inhuman policy.

“he says that the intermarriage of a certain class of european settlers with the native women would be ‘a consummation devoutly to be wished,’ and386 that this should be encouraged in every possible way. in the rougher parts of the colonies a european woman is out of place as a settler’s wife. she becomes more or less debased, and cannot, upon a return to civilization, so readily resume the more artificial style of life as can her husband.

“native women, on the other hand, make first-class wives under such circumstances, and the resulting half-caste progeny generally make useful members of society in those cases where they have a fair chance afforded them of doing so.

“he then goes on to point out, by means of numerous examples, how offshoots from various european nations have derived renewed physical vigour from crossing with the dark-skinned aboriginal inhabitants of different parts of the world, and gives instances of men who, belonging to families which exhibited those infallible signs of a decaying race, failing teeth and hair, have, by marrying with australian and new zealand native women, become the parents of children of splendid physique and good mental powers. ‘spain,’ he says, ‘threw away the chance that providence once gave her of becoming perhaps the mightiest nation upon earth, when she destroyed, instead of intermarrying with, the natives of south america, who had a superior civilization to that of their conquerors.’

“now for the plan i propose to adopt:—

“i shall endeavour, for a commencement, to work through the machinery of missionary and aborigines’ protection societies already existing. in such cases where i find officers of the black police drawing salaries as ‘protectors of aborigines,’ i shall endeavour to draw the attention of the public to the grim joke thus perpetrated, by means of newspaper articles and pamphlets, to thus get other persons appointed.

387

slave map of modern australia.

388

“from my uncle’s and my own observation, the weak point in the present missionary system, as carried out in australia, is the fact that, after the raw material—the native children—have been converted, by education, into an article worthy of a place in the civilized world, there is really no market for it.

“as a rule, the girls begin life as servants, are led astray, and finally become prostitutes, or the concubines of settlers or squatters. the boys generally are relegated to the black camp with their uneducated brethren.

“i therefore propose to endow each native girl with land and capital, upon her passing a certain time and standard in one of the farm schools i shall establish in various parts of the country.

“any white man making one of these girls his wife will obtain a quantity of land and small amount of capital. i am pretty certain that the governments of the various colonies would assist in such a movement by giving the land, as it would ensure its being settled by a good class of settler. these at present form the main body of wandering ‘wallaby’ men, who seldom marry,—chiefly from want of funds and suitable partners,—for the white women who would marry men of this sort make neither desirable wives nor healthy mothers.

“i will also endeavour to get reserves placed aside for the natives, as is done in new zealand, and there farm schools will be opened. in these reserves adult389 natives can find a safe refuge from the squatters, and will be registered. if they assist upon the farm, they will receive payment for same in kind. no attempt will be made to force civilization or education upon the adult natives, as this never has any practically good results. the children and young natives will be brought up apart from the adults. infanticide, which is now the rule, not the exception, amongst station blacks, will disappear as the natives are granted protection, a means of earning food, and relief from the burden of keeping their offspring. boy natives, after passing a certain standard at the farm school, will be apprenticed to various tradesmen and farmers, and will be granted land or capital, after becoming proficients in their special line of business, wherewith to start upon their own account. inspectors, accompanied by interpreters, will constantly perambulate the country with the object of informing the natives of the advantages offered by these schools and reserves, and for the purpose of prosecuting any one committing atrocities upon the aborigines. premiums will be offered for a series of articles and papers upon the best means of protecting and utilising the native race.

“having given you this rough outline of my plan, i must bring my epistle to a close. perhaps i could not commence my campaign better than by writing an account of my search for the grave. by jove, i will! i append a newspaper cutting, showing that some one else is moving in the matter.

“yours regardfully,

“claude angland.”

390

(“south australian register.)

“the brotherhood of men.

“the condemned prisoner jackey.

“december 16th, 1889.

“we publish to-day two letters called forth by the court proceedings in the case of jackey, the aboriginal who at the last criminal sittings in adelaide was found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged. one of these, signed ‘gauntlet,’ is directed to the treatment said to be commonly meted out to the blacks on distant stations, and more particularly in queensland. the writer, who informs us that he speaks from personal observation and from information gained from thoroughly trustworthy sources, in reality only repeats an oft-told tale. the atrocities practised upon the natives in various parts of australia—sometimes in retaliation for treacherous and barbarous acts committed by them, but very often without any such excuse—have been horrible, and even now it is undeniable that there are some who think as little of enslaving or even shooting a black as of killing a mangy dog. this certainly cannot be said of all run-owners. even in the far interior there are men who have gained the confidence and goodwill of the aboriginals by treating them with kindness and giving them fair payment for what they do. there is too much reason to believe, however, that the system of compulsory service, or, as ‘gauntlet’ describes it, of downright ‘slavery,’ accompanied by cruelty, does prevail. the protection professedly afforded to the natives in remote portions of the country is a protection only in name. 391 they are practically at the mercy of the settlers, who, if they are so disposed, can ill-treat them with impunity. what chance has a native of having his testimony believed as against that of a white man? he has to grin and bear the kicks without receiving any large amount of salve in the way of halfpence. it is quite time australia recognized better its duty towards the blacks, and gave them the full benefit of the protection of the laws to which they are made amenable. with all respect to the tribunals of justice, it is impossible to say that the trial of jackey for murder was satisfactory. we say this without reflecting for a moment upon the judge or jury,—who conscientiously exhausted every available means for getting at the facts, and who could not on the evidence well have come to any other conclusion than that which was arrived at,—but it is impossible not to feel that the prosecution had immense advantages over the accused. and this brings us to the letter appearing elsewhere signed ‘veritas.’ if the facts are as there stated, and it is as an eye-witness that our correspondent—who will doubtless be easily identified by those chiefly interested—writes, jackey, on his way down to adelaide, was treated with shameful brutality. had the luckless creature been already found guilty of the worst crimes in the calendar, he could hardly have been dealt with with greater severity, but in point of fact, according to the maxims of british law, he was at the time an innocent man. it was, of course, necessary to take all reasonable precautions for preventing his escape, but will any one say that this object could not have been secured without subjecting him to such inhuman treatment as ‘veritas’ describes? had he been a white man the picture392 drawn of him heavily manacled, forced to sit hour after hour upon camel back in a most painful position, under a broiling sun which heated the irons upon him until they burned him, would arouse intense indignation throughout the length and breadth of the land. and why should it be different when the victim of such usage is a black fellow? the matter is one that should be strictly inquired into, as well in the interests of justice and of humanity as of the aboriginals, who are necessarily so heavily handicapped in their dealings with white men.”