the people of darlford, who, as long as the contest for their representation remained between mr. rigby and the abstraction called liberal principles, appeared to be very indifferent about the result, the moment they learned that for the phrase had been substituted a substance, and that, too, in the form of a gentleman who was soon to figure as their resident neighbour, became excited, speedily enthusiastic. all the bells of all the churches rang when mr. millbank commenced his canvass; the conservatives, on the alert, if not alarmed, insisted on their champion also showing himself in all directions; and in the course of four-and-twenty hours, such is the contagion of popular feeling, the town was divided into two parties, the vast majority of which were firmly convinced that the country could only be saved by the return of mr. rigby, or preserved from inevitable destruction by the election of mr. millbank.
the results of the two canvasses were such as had been anticipated from the previous reports of the respective agents and supporters. in these days the personal canvass of a candidate is a mere form. the whole country that is to be invaded has been surveyed and mapped out before entry; every position reconnoitred; the chain of communications complete. in the present case, as was not unusual, both candidates were really supported by numerous and reputable adherents; and both had good grounds for believing that they would be ultimately successful. but there was a body of the electors sufficiently numerous to turn the election, who would not promise their votes: conscientious men who felt the responsibility of the duty that the constitution had entrusted to their discharge, and who would not make up their minds without duly weighing the respective merits of the two rivals. this class of deeply meditative individuals are distinguished not only by their pensive turn of mind, but by a charitable vein that seems to pervade their being. not only will they think of your request, but for their parts they wish both sides equally well. decision, indeed, as it must dash the hopes of one of their solicitors, seems infinitely painful to them; they have always a good reason for postponing it. if you seek their suffrage during the canvass, they reply, that the writ not having come down, the day of election is not yet fixed. if you call again to inform them that the writ has arrived, they rejoin, that perhaps after all there may not be a contest. if you call a third time, half dead with fatigue, to give them friendly notice that both you and your rival have pledged yourselves to go to the poll, they twitch their trousers, rub their hands, and with a dull grin observe,
‘well, sir, we shall see.’
‘come, mr. jobson,’ says one of the committee, with an insinuating smile, ‘give mr. millbank one.’
‘jobson, i think you and i know each other,’ says a most influential supporter, with a knowing nod.
‘yes, mr. smith, i should think we did.’
‘come, come, give us one.’
‘well, i have not made up my mind yet, gentlemen.’
‘jobson!’ says a solemn voice, ‘didn’t you tell me the other night you wished well to this gentleman?’
‘so i do; i wish well to everybody,’ replies the imperturbable jobson.
‘well, jobson,’ exclaims another member of the committee, with a sigh, ‘who could have supposed that you would have been an enemy?’
‘i don’t wish to be no enemy to no man, mr. trip.’
‘come, jobson,’ says a jolly tanner, ‘if i wanted to be a parliament man, i don’t think you could refuse me one!’
‘i don’t think i could, mr. oakfield.’
‘well, then, give it to my friend.’
‘well, sir, i’ll think about it.’
‘leave him to me,’ says another member of the committee, with a significant look. ‘i know how to get round him. it’s all right.’
‘yes, leave him to hayfield, mr. millbank; he knows how to manage him.’
but all the same, jobson continues to look as little tractable and lamb-like as can be well fancied.
and here, in a work which, in an unpretending shape, aspires to take neither an uninformed nor a partial view of the political history of the ten eventful years of the reform struggle, we should pause for a moment to observe the strangeness, that only five years after the reconstruction of the electoral body by the whig party, in a borough called into political existence by their policy, a manufacturing town, too, the candidate comprising in his person every quality and circumstance which could recommend him to the constituency, and his opponent the worst specimen of the old generation, a political adventurer, who owed the least disreputable part of his notoriety to his opposition to the reform bill; that in such a borough, under such circumstances, there should be a contest, and that, too, one of a very doubtful issue.
what was the cause of this? are we to seek it in the ‘reaction’ of the tadpoles and the tapers? that would not be a satisfactory solution. reaction, to a certain extent, is the law of human existence. in the particular state of affairs before us, england after the reform act, it never could be doubtful that time would gradually, and in some instances rapidly, counteract the national impulse of 1832. there never could have been a question, for example, that the english counties would have reverted to their natural allegiance to their proprietors; but the results of the appeals to the third estate in 1835 and 1837 are not to be accounted for by a mere readjustment of legitimate influences.
the truth is, that, considerable as are the abilities of the whig leaders, highly accomplished as many of them unquestionably must be acknowledged in parliamentary debate, experienced in council, sedulous in office, eminent as scholars, powerful from their position, the absence of individual influence, and of the pervading authority of a commanding mind, have been the cause of the fall of the whig party.
such a supremacy was generally acknowledged in lord grey on the accession of this party to power: but it was the supremacy of a tradition rather than of a fact. almost at the outset of his authority his successor was indicated. when the crisis arrived, the intended successor was not in the whig ranks. it is in this virtual absence of a real and recognised leader, almost from the moment that they passed their great measure, that we must seek a chief cause of all that insubordination, all those distempered ambitions, and all those dark intrigues, that finally broke up, not only the whig government, but the whig party; demoralised their ranks, and sent them to the country, both in 1835 and 1837, with every illusion, which had operated so happily in their favour in 1832, scattered to the winds. in all things we trace the irresistible influence of the individual.
and yet the interval that elapsed between 1835 and 1837 proved, that there was all this time in the whig array one entirely competent to the office of leading a great party, though his capacity for that fulfilment was too tardily recognised.
lord john russell has that degree of imagination, which, though evinced rather in sentiment than expression, still enables him to generalise from the details of his reading and experience; and to take those comprehensive views, which, however easily depreciated by ordinary men in an age of routine, are indispensable to a statesman in the conjunctures in which we live. he understands, therefore, his position; and he has the moral intrepidity which prompts him ever to dare that which his intellect assures him is politic. he is consequently, at the same time, sagacious and bold in council. as an administrator he is prompt and indefatigable. he is not a natural orator, and labours under physical deficiencies which even a demosthenic impulse could scarcely overcome. but he is experienced in debate, quick in reply, fertile in resource, takes large views, and frequently compensates for a dry and hesitating manner by the expression of those noble truths that flash across the fancy, and rise spontaneously to the lip, of men of poetic temperament when addressing popular assemblies. if we add to this, a private life of dignified repute, the accidents of his birth and rank, which never can be severed from the man, the scion of a great historic family, and born, as it were, to the hereditary service of the state, it is difficult to ascertain at what period, or under what circumstances, the whig party have ever possessed, or could obtain, a more efficient leader.
but we must return to the darlford election. the class of thoughtful voters was sufficiently numerous in that borough to render the result of the contest doubtful to the last; and on the eve of the day of nomination both parties were equally sanguine.
nomination-day altogether is an unsatisfactory affair. there is little to be done, and that little mere form. the tedious hours remain, and no one can settle his mind to anything. it is not a holiday, for every one is serious; it is not business, for no one can attend to it; it is not a contest, for there is no canvassing; nor an election, for there is no poll. it is a day of lounging without an object, and luncheons without an appetite; of hopes and fears; confidence and dejection; bravado bets and secret hedging; and, about midnight, of furious suppers of grilled bones, brandy-and-water, and recklessness.
the president and vice-president of the conservative association, the secretary and the four solicitors who were agents, had impressed upon mr. rigby that it was of the utmost importance, and must produce a great moral effect, if he obtain the show of hands. with his powers of eloquence and their secret organisation, they flattered themselves it might be done. with this view, rigby inflicted a speech of more than two hours’ duration on the electors, who bore it very kindly, as the mob likes, above all things, that the ceremonies of nomination-day should not be cut short: moreover, there is nothing that the mob likes so much as a speech. rigby therefore had, on the whole, a far from unfavourable audience, and he availed himself of their forbearance. he brought in his crack theme, the guillotine, and dilated so elaborately upon its qualities, that one of the gentlemen below could not refrain from exclaiming, ‘i wish you may get it.’ this exclamation gave mr. rigby what is called a great opening, which, like a practised speaker, he immediately seized. he denounced the sentiment as ‘un-english,’ and got much cheered. excited by this success, rigby began to call everything else ‘un-english’ with which he did not agree, until menacing murmurs began to rise, when he shifted the subject, and rose into a grand peroration, in which he assured them that the eyes of the whole empire were on this particular election; cries of ‘that’s true,’ from all sides; and that england expected every man to do his duty.
‘and who do you expect to do yours?’ inquired a gentleman below, ‘about that ’ere pension?’
‘rigby,’ screeched a hoarse voice, ‘don’t you mind; you guv it them well.’
‘rigby, keep up your spirits, old chap: we will have you.’
‘now!’ said a stentorian voice; and a man as tall as saul looked round him. this was the engaged leader of the conservative mob; the eye of every one of his minions was instantly on him. ‘now! our young queen and our old institutions! rigby for ever!’
this was a signal for the instant appearance of the leader of the liberal mob. magog wrath, not so tall as bully bluck, his rival, had a voice almost as powerful, a back much broader, and a countenance far more forbidding. ‘now, my boys, the queen and millbank for ever!’
these rival cries were the signals for a fight between the two bands of gladiators in the face of the hustings, the body of the people little interfering. bully bluck seized magog wrath’s colours; they wrestled, they seized each other; their supporters were engaged in mutual contest; it appeared to be a most alarming and perilous fray; several ladies from the windows screamed, one fainted; a band of special constables pushed their way through the mob; you heard their staves resounded on the skulls of all who opposed them, especially the little boys: order was at length restored; and, to tell the truth, the only hurts inflicted were those which came from the special constables. bully bluck and magog wrath, with all their fierce looks, flaunting colours, loud cheers, and desperate assaults, were, after all, only a couple of condottieri, who were cautious never to wound each other. they were, in fact, a peaceful police, who kept the town in awe, and prevented others from being mischievous who were more inclined to do harm. their hired gangs were the safety-valves for all the scamps of the borough, who, receiving a few shillings per head for their nominal service, and as much drink as they liked after the contest, were bribed and organised into peace and sobriety on the days in which their excesses were most to be apprehended.
now mr. millbank came forward: he was brief compared with mr. rigby; but clear and terse. no one could misunderstand him. he did not favour his hearers with any history, but gave them his views about taxes, free trade, placemen, and pensioners, whoever and wherever they might be.
‘hilloa, rigby, about that ‘ere pension?’
‘millbank for ever! we will have him.’
‘never mind, rigby, you’ll come in next time.’
mr. millbank was energetic about resident representatives, but did not understand that a resident representative meant the nominee of a great lord, who lived in a great castle; great cheering. there was a lord once who declared that, if he liked, he would return his negro valet to parliament; but mr. millbank thought those days were over. it remained for the people of darlford to determine whether he was mistaken.
‘never!’ exclaimed the mob. ‘millbank for ever! rigby in the river! no niggers, no walets!’
‘three groans for rigby.’
‘his language ain’t as purty as the lunnun chap’s,’ said a critic below; ‘but he speaks from his ‘art: and give me the man who ‘as got a ‘art.’
‘that’s your time of day, mr. robinson.’
‘now!’ said magog wrath, looking around. ‘now, the queen and millbank for ever! hurrah!’
the show of hands was entirely in favour of mr. millbank. scarcely a hand was held up for mr. rigby below, except by bully bluck and his praetorians. the chairman and the deputy chairman of the conservative association, the secretary, and the four agents, severally and respectively went up to mr. rigby and congratulated him on the result, as it was a known fact, ‘that the show of hands never won.’
the eve of polling-day was now at hand. this is the most critical period of an election. all night parties in disguise were perambulating the different wards, watching each other’s tactics; masks, wigs, false noses, gentles in livery coats, men in female attire, a silent carnival of manoeuvre, vigilance, anxiety, and trepidation. the thoughtful voters about this time make up their minds; the enthusiasts who have told you twenty times a-day for the last fortnight, that they would get up in the middle of the night to serve you, require the most watchful cooping; all the individuals who have assured you that ‘their word is their bond,’ change sides.
two of the rigbyites met in the market-place about an hour after midnight.
‘well, how goes it?’ said one.
‘i have been the rounds. the blunt’s going like the ward-pump. i saw a man come out of moffatt’s house, muffled up with a mask on. i dodged him. it was biggs.’
‘you don’t mean that, do you? d——e, i’ll answer for moffatt.’
‘i never thought he was a true man.’
‘told robins?’
‘i could not see him; but i met young gunning and told him.’
‘young gunning! that won’t do.’
‘i thought he was as right as the town clock.’
‘so did i, once. hush! who comes here? the enemy, franklin and sampson potts. keep close.’
‘i’ll speak to them. good night, potts. up rather late to-night?’
‘all fair election time. you ain’t snoring, are you?’
‘well, i hope the best man will win.’
‘i am sure he will.’
‘you must go for moffatt early, to breakfast at the white lion; that’s your sort. don’t leave him, and poll him your-self. i am going off to solomon lacey’s. he has got four millbankites cooped up very drunk, and i want to get them quietly into the country before daybreak.’
‘tis polling-day! the candidates are roused from their slumbers at an early hour by the music of their own bands perambulating the town, and each playing the ‘conquering hero’ to sustain the courage of their jaded employers, by depriving them of that rest which can alone tranquillise the nervous system. there is something in that matin burst of music, followed by a shrill cheer from the boys of the borough, the only inhabitants yet up, that is very depressing.
the committee-rooms of each candidate are soon rife with black reports; each side has received fearful bulletins of the preceding night campaign; and its consequences as exemplified in the morning, unprecedented tergiversations, mysterious absences; men who breakfast with one side and vote with the other; men who won’t come to breakfast; men who won’t leave breakfast.
at ten o’clock mr. rigby was in a majority of twenty-eight.
the polling was brisk and equal until the middle of the day, when it became slack. mr. rigby kept a majority, but an inconsiderable one. mr. millbank’s friends were not disheartened, as it was known that the leading members of mr. rigby’s committee had polled; whereas his opponent’s were principally reserved. at a quarter-past two there was great cheering and uproar. the four voters in favour of millbank, whom solomon lacey had cooped up, made drunk, and carried into the country, had recovered iheir senses, made their escape, and voted as they originally intended. soon after this, mr. millbank was declared by his committee to be in a majority of one, but the committee of mr. rigby instantly posted a placard, in large letters, to announce that, on the contrary, their man was in a majority of nine.
‘if we could only have got another registration,’ whispered the principal agent to mr. rigby, at a quarter-past four.
‘you think it’s all over, then?’
‘why, i do not see now how we can win. we have polled all our dead men, and millbank is seven ahead.’
‘i have no doubt we shall be able to have a good petition,’ said the consoling chairman of the conservative association.